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1、英汉语言的对比Major Disparity between English and Chinese,一、英汉词汇对比,（词汇的意义、词语的搭配、词序）1.词汇的意义 英语词汇意义在汉语里的对应程度，大致可归纳为以下四种情况：,（1）英语中有些词所表示的意义，在汉语中可以找到完全对应的词来表达。它们的意义在任何上下文中都完全相等。这主要是一些已有通用译名的专用名词、术语和日常生活中的一些事物的名称。如：TheU.S.StateDepartment美国国务Computationallinguistics计算语言学Helicopter直升飞机Minibus微型汽车（面包车）,（2）英语中有些词与汉
2、语中有些词在词义上只有部分对应。它们在意义上概况的范围有广狭之分。如：Marriage娶、嫁Gun枪、炮Sister姐、妹Morning早晨、上午,（3）英语中有些词所表示的意义，目前在汉语里还找不到最后确定的对应词来表达。这主要是英语中一些新词，包括专用名词、术语以及一些反映英美社会特殊风气及事物的词。如：Mascon(massconcentration)（表示月球表层下高密度的）物质聚积Beddo（一种多用途的）床Overkill（核弹超过军事目的的）过度杀伤力（系资产阶级渲染核武器“威力”的用语，现又用来表示宣传活动等方面不必要的过度行为）Plumber（形成于“五角大楼文件”泄密事件后
3、白宫设立的专门特工机构。“plumber”原意“铅管工”，用以指特工，系借用“铅管工”堵漏、防漏之含义）,Bridal Shower 新娘结婚前的派对/准新娘送礼会Bachelor Party(婚礼前夕为新郎举行的)单身汉舞会Baby Shower 婴儿送礼会/婴儿洗礼（在孩子出生前举办一个特殊的派对）,A bridal shower is a gift-giving party held for a bride-to-be in anticipation of her wedding.It gives the bride-to-be a much-needed break from the
4、stress of planning a wedding.Bridal showers can be a surprise for the bride or a planned party,a formal brunch or a casual party.As showers are explicitly a gift-giving occasion,everyone who attends the shower is expected to bring a small gift.People who decline the invitation for any reason are not
5、 expected to send a gift or otherwise participate in the party.,A bachelor party,also known as a stag party,stag night,a bulls party,a bucks party or bucks night is a party held for a bachelor shortly before he enters marriage,to make the most of his final opportunity to engage in activities a new p
6、artner might not approve of,or merely to spend time with his male friends.A bachelor party may involve activities beyond the usual party and social gathering ingredients(often drinking alcohol and gambling),such as going to a strip club or hiring a stripper.The planned activities of a bachelor party
7、 are traditionally kept secret from the groom.,Baby shower is a great way to welcome a new child and congratulate the new mother.Traditionally,baby showers were celebrated by a new mother and only her closest female friends after the baby had been born.Over time,however,old traditions have relaxed,a
8、llowing for couple showers to which men are invited,and celebrations in the workplace that co-workers can attend.It is now generally a party for a mother-to-be.Many mothers appreciate advice in purchasing the items they will need for their new baby.Friends of the new mother bring gifts for the new b
9、aby.,（4）英语中有许多词一词多义，其所表示的各个意义，分别与汉语中几个不同的词或词组对应。多义词的具体意义，只有联系上下文才能确定。如果脱离上下文，孤立地译一个词就很难确切地表达该词的真正含义。如：Asoftabove-goundlaunchingsite无坚固掩体的地面发射基地Therecordhasbeenconsideredsofteversinceitwassetlast May自从五月份创造了这个纪录以来，人们一直认为它是很容易被打破的。Thelandingmustbesuper-soft这次着陆一定是超级的软着陆,Marijuanaisusuallyregardedasaso
10、ftdrug.大麻通常被看做是软性（毒性较轻的）麻醉毒品。Atthisstagethereisonlysoftintelligenceabouttheenemy intention.Weshouldnotshoothimfromthehip.在目前，关于敌人的意图还只有不太充分的情报，我们不能鲁莽行事。,2.词语的搭配英语和汉语在词的搭配能力方面往往有差异。a horsea cattle(ox/cow/bull)a sheep(lamb)a chickena boata desk,3.词序主要差异集中在定语和状语的位置上。,定语的位置：（1）单词作定语 英语中单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名
11、词前面，汉语中定语的位置也大体如此。有时英语中也有后置的，但在汉语里一般都前置。Aresearch-orientedhospital（前置？后置？）一所以搞科研为重点的医院Somethingimportant重要的事情Thebankerslittlegarden银行老板的小花园,（2）短语作定语 英语中修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后，汉语里则放在被修饰的名词之前，但间或也有放在后面的，视汉语习惯而定。Abuildingprojectofhigh-riseapartmenthouses（前置？后置？）一个多层公寓大楼的建筑项目Acandidatewithlittlechanceofsuccess
12、一个当选希望极微的候选人,总结：定语后置1.some-,any-,every-,no等构成的复合代词He told me something important.他告诉我了一件重要的事情。There is nothing wrong with this computer.这台电脑没有什么毛病。,2.ible,-able 结尾的形容词作定语，与every,the only或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时，也常需后置。The doctors have tried every way possible.大夫们已经试过各种可能的办法了。They had the greatest difficulty
13、 imaginable getting there in time.为了能及时赶到那儿，他们克服了极大的困难。It is the only wild berry edible here in this area.它是这个地区惟一能食用的野莓。,3.定语从句和某些分词作定语时，也需后置Here are the New Year cards Ive just received.这些是我刚收到的新年贺卡。Most of the people studying here are middle school teachers.在这里学习的多数是中学老师。,4.起表语作用的形容词作定语，也需后置。Ever
14、ybody present at the conference welcomed the decision.出席大会的人都赞同这项决议。There are many young people adrift in the big cities in that country.那个国家的大城市里有很多四处游荡的年轻人。,5.某些成对的形容词作定语需要后置，翻译时需灵活处理All nations,large or small,rich or poor,should be equal.国家不论大小贫富，都应一律平等。Teachers,old and new,must respect each othe
15、r and learn from each other.新老教师都应互相尊重，互相学习。The reason for the change is lack of money,pure and simple.更改的原因纯粹是因为缺少经费。,c.英语中表示程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置，而在汉语中一般都前置。Themoleculesofagasaremovingaboutextremelyfastinalldirections.气体的分子非常迅速地向四面八方运动着。Heisrunningfastenough.他跑得够快了。,多层定语的顺序：视语言习惯而定 多层定语之间一般按照与中心语关系的密
16、切程度排列顺序，关系越密切的定语越靠近中心语。一位漂亮的长头发的中国女孩A beautiful long-haired Chinese girl一张红木小圆桌a small round red wooden table一位中国现代优秀作家an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer繁荣昌盛的社会主义现代化强国a modern,prosperous,powerful socialist country,状语的位置：（1）单词作状语a.英语中单词状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面，这一点与汉语相同。Johndidnotdistin
17、guishhimselfasastudent,buthewasveryactiveinclass.（前置?后置？）约翰当年并不是出色的学生，但他在班上很活跃。b.英语中单词状语修饰动词时，一般放在动词之后，而在汉语里则一般放在动词之前。Modernscienceandtechnologyaredevelopingrapidly.现代科学技术正在迅速发展。,（2）短语作状语 a.英语中短语状语可放在被修饰的动词之前或后，译成汉语时，大多数放在被修饰的动词之前，但也有放在后面的，视汉语的习惯而定。Thenwithabagoftoysandbookswewalkedacrossthe gardeni
18、nthegraylightofthedawn.（前置?后置？）我们提着一口袋玩具和书籍，在晨曦中穿过了花园。Hewasquicktouseselfdeprecatinghumortothrow anyoneoffthescent.为了迷惑别人，他机灵地说些自我挖苦的笑话。Ajeep,full,spedfast,drenchingmeinspray.一辆坐满人的吉普车急驶而过，溅了我一身水。,b.英语中地点短语状语一般在时间状语之前，而在汉语中时间状语往往在地点状语之前，如：HewasborninFurthonMay27,1923.他是一九二三年五月二十七日在菲尔特出生的。c.英语中时间、地点短
19、语状语之间的排列一般都是从小到大，而在汉语中一般都是从大到小。,二、英汉句子结构对比,1.“形合”与“意合”的差异英语重形合（hypotaxis)，汉语重意合（parataxis)形合主要靠语言本身语法手段（形式手段），意合主要靠句子内部逻辑联系。,奈达 译意Translating meaning:就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学中最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比(contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis)英语注重显性衔接（overt cohesion），汉语注重隐性连贯（covert coherence),傅雷：东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧，我
20、人重综合，重归纳，重暗示，重含蓄；西方人则重分析，细微曲折，挖掘唯恐不尽，描写唯恐不周。汉语学家王力：西洋语法是硬的，没有弹性；中国语法是软的，富有弹性。所以中国语法以达意为主。英国人写文章往往化零为整，而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。潘文国：英语基本上是一种形态性的语言，汉语基本上是一种语义性的语言。,原文：No,no,we are not satisfied,and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.译文：不，不，我们没有满足
21、，我们也不会满足，直到公平如大水滚滚，公义如江河滔滔。原文选自Martin Luther King的演讲稿I Have a Dream（我有一个梦）。其中有两个“and”及一个“until”引导的结构使全句节奏紧凑，读来有气贯长虹、激情澎湃之势。但是如果将“and”译为“而且”之类的对应词就会破坏原文的气势，因而译文根据汉语意合的特点，对“and”不做对应词翻译，如此操作反而增加了译文的节奏感，更能再现原文的感染力。译文中的逗号有五处，而原文中只有三处，这种翻译操作与汉语的意合特点不无关系由于汉语中短句很多,更容易让读者体会原文的节奏感和内在的逻辑关系。,原文:寒蝉凄切,对长亭晚,骤雨初歇。朱
22、纯深先生译为:A miserable cicada is thrilling in the cold,Over the wayside pavilions darkening form Emerging from the wash of a sudden storm.,原文描绘了一幅画卷当中三个不同侧面，交代了时间、季节和地点，勾画了凄切的寒蝉、长亭、晚景、初歇的骤雨等意象，但彼此之间到底是怎样的逻辑关系和空间关系读者并不确定，我们甚至连画卷所着眼的主角是词人、词人的友人、还是“寒蝉”都很难判断，原词语意非常模糊。然而要翻译为英文的话却无论如何也模糊不出来，译者必须选择一个明确的着眼点，将各意
23、象合理地编织在一起，构成自相完整而紧凑的句式。为此，译者不得不放弃原文所可能允许的其他各种理解，遵照自己认为合适的理解让各个成分形成一个完整的画面。这里，朱纯深先生特意撷取了单数名词“cicada”为焦点意象，使之成为引发情景交融的一个触点，然后通过“Over”引出夜晚的长亭这一意象使之成为“A miserable cicada is thrilling in the cold”这一主谓结构的状语，又通过“Emerging from”这种句法手段使“Emerging from the wash of a sudden storm”成为“darkening form”的补足修饰语。,雨霖铃 寒蝉
24、凄切。对长亭晚，骤雨初歇。都门帐饮无绪，留恋处、兰舟催发。执手相看泪眼，竟无语凝噎。念去去、千里烟波，暮霭沉沉楚天阔。多情自古伤离别，更那堪冷落清秋节！今宵酒醒何处？杨柳岸、晓风残月。此去经年，应是良辰好景虚设。便纵有千种风情，更与何人说？,2.英汉句子重心的差异We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by sidenot just in a passive way but as active friend
25、s.我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该共处，不仅仅是消极共处，而是要积极地友好相处，这是正确而必要的。,汉语的习惯是叙事在前，表态在后。英语的习惯是表态在前，叙事在后。英语：头轻脚重，属于主语显著（subject-prominent）语言。英语重视主语的位置及其统帅全局的作用。因此在汉译英中，如何找准句子重心，确定主语常常是翻译成败的关键因素。汉语：头重脚轻，属于主题显著（topic-prominent）语言。,The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought,to see for myself the achi
26、evements of the Chinese people.这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就，这是我向往已久的。I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency.贵国政府一再表示，协议中有关香港的安排不是权宜之计，这种保证使我感到鼓舞。,3.静态语言与动态语言的差异英语句子中，名词与介词占优势汉
27、语句子中，动词使用较多,Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries.农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的境地。,4.重物称与重人称的差异英语多采用不能施以动作或无生命的词语作主语汉语多用人称作主语5.多被动与多主动的差异英语：广泛使用被动语态汉语：较少使用被动语态6.多长句与多简单句的差异,
28、英语被动语态使用的情况：（1）不知道或是没有必要说明行为的实行者The audience are requested to keep silent.请观众保持肃静。She was offered a job in a middle school.人家给她一个中学里的工作。,（2）动作的对象是谈话的中心话题Clinton is expected to give his testimony by videotape.克林顿将会以录像的形式提供证词。The scientific research plan has already been drawn up.科研计划已经拟出来了。The girl w
29、as criticized yesterday.这个女孩昨天挨了一顿批评。,（3）无从说出动作的实行者是谁She was seen to go out of the room.有人看见她走出了那个房间。Youre wanted on the phone.你的电话。This rubbish is being disposed of.（有人）正在处理这些垃圾。,（4）为了加强上下文的连贯、衔接John actually loved Mary and was loved in return.约翰真的爱玛丽，而玛丽也爱约翰。He appeared on the stage and was warmly
30、 applauded by the audience.他出现在台上，观众热烈鼓掌欢迎。Language is shaped by,and shapes,human thought.人的思想形成语言，而语言又影响了人的思想。,（5）出于礼貌，使措辞得当，语气委婉Visitors are requested to show their tickets.来宾请出示入场券。Passengers are requested to fill in the customs declaration form here.请旅客在此填写报关表。,汉语被动语态使用的情况：（1）有形式标记的被动态 表被动意义的助词：
31、让,叫,给,被,受,挨,遭,由,加以,予以,为所,被所,是.的The work has been done by him.工作已由他完成了。The cup has been broken into pieces.杯子给打得粉碎。This matter must be dealt with.这个问题必须予以处理。,（2）无形式标记的被动态 看似主动，但在主谓关系上却有被动含义，这种语言现象在汉语中大量存在。What language is spoken there?那里讲什么语言？This task must be fulfilled in time.这个任务必须按时完成。,（3）汉语无主句 用
32、来表达观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召等Children should be taught to speak the truth.应该教育儿童讲老实话。Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.发现了错误，一定要改正。,Passive voice in translationConverting the passive voice into the activeConverting passive voice into a subjectless sentenceKeeping the passive structure unchangedRe
33、placing the passive voice with other means,A.Converting the passive voice into the active,1.The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.2.By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization.3.A new way of displaying time has been given by
34、electronics.4.To explore the moons surface,rockets were launched again and again.5.Salt is known to have a strong corroding effect on metals.,A.Converting the passive voice into the active,1.The sense of inferiority that he acquired in his youth has never been totally eradicated.他在青少年时期留下的自卑感还远远没有完全
35、消除。2.By the end of the war 800 people had been saved by the organization.大战结束时，这个组织拯救了800人。3.A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。4.To explore the moons surface,rockets were launched again and again.为了探测月球的表面，人们一次又一次地发射火箭。5.Salt is known to have a strong corr
36、oding effect on metals.大家知道，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用。,B.Converting passive voice into a subjectless sentence,1.The unpleasant noise must be immediately put to an end.2.Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.3.Best surface finish is provided by machining methods,especially by grinding.,
37、B.Converting passive voice into a subjectless sentence,1.The unpleasant noise must be immediately put to an end.必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音。2.Attention has been paid to the new measures to prevent corrosion.已经注意到采取防腐新措施。3.Best surface finish is provided by machining methods,especially by grinding.用机械加工的方法，特别是磨削法，
38、可以获得最佳表面光洁度。,C.Keeping the passive structure unchanged,1.If the scheme is disapproved,work on the project will stop immediately.2.At the end of the month he was fired for incompetence.3.Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.4.Our foreign policy is su
39、pported by the people all over the world.5.Everyone was fed up with her gossip.6.Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with a sense of decency.,C.Keeping the passive structure unchanged,1.If the scheme is disapproved,work on the project will stop immediately.如果方案被否决，这项工程将立即停工。2.At the end of
40、the month he was fired for incompetence.月底，他因不胜任工作而被解雇了。3.Any minute we would surely be spotted by enemy planes flying in and out of the airfield.我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。,C.Keeping the passive structure unchanged,4.Our foreign policy is supported by the people all over the world.我们的对外政策受到全世界人民的支持。5.Everyon
41、e was fed up with her gossip.人人都受够了她的流言蜚语。6.Such conduct will be looked down upon by all with a sense of decency.这种行为将会为一切有良知的人所蔑视。,D.Replacing the passive voice with other means,1.The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers.2.The news was passed on by word of mouth.3.He was told that two of th
42、em seemed unlikely to make the grade.4.She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet.5.He has been wedded to translation.6.She did not wish to be troubled.,D.Replacing the passive voice with other means,1.The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers.这个村子里住着大约13，000个农民。2.The news was pa
43、ssed on by word of mouth.众口相传，消息不胫而走。3.He was told that two of them seemed unlikely to make the grade.他已得知他们中有两个人好像不能及格。4.She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet.她和丈夫应邀赴宴去了。5.He has been wedded to translation.他与翻译结下了不解之缘。6.She did not wish to be troubled.她不愿别人麻烦她。,Passive voice in tr
44、anslationmore practice,1.She hadnt been told Bettes family name,or shed forgotten it.2.Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.3.Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed.4.He said he was assured by the State Department t
45、hat the U.S.is willing to normalize relations with his country.,Passive voice in translationmore practice,5.New Zealand had no knowledge of this and has not been consulted on these reported plans.6.The visitor was flattered and impressed.7.The Secretary was aware of that final decision must be held
46、open for the President.8.马路两旁是整齐的梧桐树。9.人生的道路虽然漫长，但要紧处常常只有几步，特别是当人年轻的时候。,Passive voice in translationmore practice,1.She hadnt been told Bettes family name,or shed forgotten it.人家没告诉过她蓓蒂姓什么,要不然也许是她忘了。2.Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.许多人要求建立一个阿拉伯共同市场。3.M
47、emoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed.在进行个别交谈之前，我已经就所有要讨论的问题预先拟好了备忘录。4.He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S.is willing to normalize relations with his country.他说，国务院向他担保美国愿意同他的国家恢复正常关系。,Passive voice in translationmore practice,5.New
48、Zealand had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.新西兰不知道这件事，也没有人同它商讨过这些传闻的计划。6.The visitor was flattered and impressed.这位客人受宠若惊，深为感动。7.The Secretary was aware of that final decision must be held open for the President.国务卿心中有数，最后的决定必须由总统来作。8.马路两旁是整齐的梧桐树。The avenue was lined with neatly-spaced plane trees.9.人生的道路虽然漫长，但要紧处常常只有几步，特别是当人年轻的时候。Although the road of life is long,its most important sections are often covered in only a few steps,especially when a person is young.,
