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1、Unit Six,Sam Adams,Industrial Engineer,whatsoever:a.=of any kind,at all任何的，丝毫的,它用在含否定词或any的句中，放在n.后面，表示“任何的(=at all)”,语气比whatever强。E.g.Is there any chance whatsoever?(有一点可能性吗？),dull:a.(of color or surface)not bright or clear(指色彩、表面)不鲜明的,发灰的,阴暗的,暗淡的,另外，修饰颜色的其它词，如：bright=(of a color)strong,clear and e
2、asily seen(色彩)明亮的，清晰的dark=(of color)tending towards black(色彩)深light=(of color)not deep of dark(色彩)浅E.g.dull gray(暗灰)dull color(暗淡的色彩)bright gray(明快的灰色)bright color(明亮的色彩)dark gray(深灰色)dark color(深色)light gray(浅灰色)light color(浅色),find out=learn to discover 查明,发现(尤指坏事),E.g.You may get away with dishon
3、esty for a while,but you will be found out sooner or later.(不诚实只能蒙蔽一时,迟早会被发现的.)Jenny was angry when her boyfriend found out her secrets.(珍妮在她男朋友发现她的秘密后,非常生气.),turn out=happen to be or found to be in the end 结果是,证明是,E.g.Our plan turned out not quite successful as expected.(结果,我们的计划没有像期望的那么成功.)His sta
4、tement turned out to be false.(最后证实他的话是错的。)It turned out that he was Jims father.(结果,他就是吉姆的父亲.),as a result vs as a result of,as a result=because of 作为结果，因此E.g.Tom didnt study hard,as a result,he failed to pass the exam.as a result of=because of,owning to由于E.g.He is unable to go to school as a resul
5、t of the fall from his motorbike.,辨析:expect for 与 except,1.except for:是“除了”;引出一个与述说的主要意思相反的原因或细节,从而部分地修正句中所述的主要意思.E.g.Your composition is very good except for some spelling mistakes.(你的作文很好,只是有几个拼写错误而已.)Except for its high cost,this type of machine would be very suitable.(这种机器非常合适,只是价格贵了些.)2.except:
6、也是“除了”;它用来表示从整体中排除其中的一部分,其后可接名词或从句.E.g.He answered all the questions except(for)the last one.(除了最后一个问题,所有的问题他都回答了.),I couldnt do anything except just sit there and hope.(我除了干坐在那儿盼望外,无事可干.)He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few days.(除了在过去几天里稍有点头痛之外
7、,他身体一直很好.),3.except for 还可以表示“如果不是由于”;等于but for.E.g.Except for your help,I would not have finished the task.(要不是因为你的帮助,我是不可能完成这项工作的.)还需注意的是:当except位于句首时,须用except for代替.E.g.Except for John,everyone was present.(除约翰外,所有的人都出席了.),hold up:(often used in passive voice)delay,get in ones way 延迟,耽搁,阻碍,We are
8、 held up for 5 minutes in a traffic jam.(我被一场交通阻塞耽误了5分钟。)The steel strike may hold up the production of cars for several months.(钢铁工人罢工，可能会使汽车生产停滞好几个月。),result in vs result from,1.result in=have as a result,cause“结果是，导致；造成，引起”.它表示由某事造成的结果。E.g.Smoking too much often results in lung cancer and many ot
9、her diseases.Lack of population control can result in poverty.(不进行人口控制会造成贫穷。)2.result from=be caused by,to happen as an effect or result“起因于”,“由(原因)产生”；用来表示事物产生的根源。E.g.His success results from hard work.(他的成功是他努力工作的结果。)His illness resulted from excessive work.(他的疾病是由过度劳累引起的。),Talk over=discuss,discu
10、ss fully 商量,讨论;详谈,E.g.The teacher would like to talk over this problem next class.(老师将在下节课讨论这个问题。)He talked over the matter with his wife before making a decision.(在作出决定前,他和他妻子就这件事详谈了一下.),keep up with=go or move as fast as,go forward at an equal pace with 跟上,紧跟,E.g.We should keep up with the times.(
11、我们应紧跟时代潮流。)They could not keep up with us when we climbed the mountain.(爬山时，他们跟不上我们。),Background Knowledge,美国的教育体系：美国文化教育的高水平也决定了美国在世界科技方面的领先地位。在美国人看来，每个人都应该有机会接受最好的教育，以发展个人的天赋与能力。从19世纪早期开始，这种义务教育的理想便不断得到群众的支持。许多政教界的领导人物指出，美国的繁荣与强大，事实上是得力于教育之普及。中、小学教育主要是由各州教育委员会和地方政府管理，多数州实行十年义务教育。各州学制不一，大部分为小学六年、初中
12、三年、高中三年。美国的学校有公立和私立两种，公立学校由政府税收支持，学生免费入学；私立学校多由教会支持，也包括那些合乎相当学院基础的私立学校。在初中阶段，约有10%的人就读于私立或教会学校。在高中阶段，同样约有10%的人就读于私立或教会学校读书。约有20%的大学生是读私立学校或教会学校。,Background Knowledge,美国的学校按年龄阶段分为以下五类：1.幼儿园(kindergarten)年级:0；年龄5岁 2.初级学校：小学(elementary school)1-6年级（6-12岁）3.初级中学(junior middle school)：7-8年级（13-14岁）4.中学(S
13、enior/high school)：9-12年级（15-18岁）5.大学（学院）(University/College)：一般为4年制的大学本科，授予文学士和理学士学位；也有两年制的初级学院和技术学院，还有二至四年的“研究院”或“专业学院”，为大学毕业学生从事研究而设立。,Background Knowledge,Industrial Engineering(工业管理工程学)工业管理工程学详细分析劳动力,原材料和设备的成本,以期提高生产力,增加收益和提高效率.搞这种分析研究的人叫做工业管理工程师.他的主要职责就是协调人力资源,原材料和机械设备的关系并制定一套最行之有效的生产方案.,Backg
14、round Knowledge,学院 vs.大学：学院(College)一般为专业性大学，只针对某个某些研究领域，范围较小，一般只授予学生文学士(B.A.即Bachelor of Arts)和理学士(B.S.即Bachelor of Science)学位。而大学(University)则为综合性大学，一般由若干个分院构成，人数众多，研究范围广，大学除了可以授予文学士和理学士的学位外，还可可以授予文科硕士(M.A.,即Master of Arts)和理科硕士(M.S.,即Master of Science)学位，可以授予博士(Ph.D.即Doctor of Philosophy)学位。注意，Ph
15、.D.并不单指哲学博士，而是所有的博士都叫Ph.D.,If you ask my mother how I happened to become an industrial engineer,a bit vs.a little,Cloze(A)(page 108),The personality traits()shown by Sam Adams since childhood seemed to form the b(1)of his becoming an industrial engineer:His e(2),his efforts to be n(3)and well-organi
16、zed,and his attention to q(4)were all familiar to everyone who knew him.After he obtained a university degree,his job was to i(5)a shirt factory to find ways of making the operations more p(6).While carrying out his inspection,he was surprised by his f(6).The poor working conditions,the lack()of qua
17、lity control,and the regular work f(6)all a(6)him.When he finished the inspection,he offered many s(6)to the m(6).To his surprise,however,his reward()for the inspection was a check for 100 and a box of shirts.,Cloze(B),When our children were born,my wife Nancy gave up her job to look after them.A ye
18、ar ago,Nancy and I decided to change r(1).Nancy was beginning to get(2)at home all day.I was working hard at the time,but I didnt(3)my job.Most of all,I hated(4)to work in the rush(5)every day.I thought Nancy was(6)lucky one;she could organize her day(7)her own way she didnt have a boss(8)her what t
19、o do.But I(9)think of exchanging roles with her(10)she applied()for a job.She got the(11),at a salary(薪金)higher than(12).It seemed sensible(明智的)for her to(13)it and for me to(14)at home.,（15)first I really enjoyed staying at home and(16)with the children.I now(17)my children better through spending(
20、18)much time with them.But I must admit,I do find housework very(19).Most of my friends are at(20)all day,so I often dont have(21)adult conversation with anyone(22)Nancy comes home!But(23)the whole,I think we made the(24)decision.I have learned a lot,and(25)has my wife.For the first time I appreciat
21、e(正确评价)(26)women do at home and I can understand some of their p(27).,Ex.14 Translate the following sentences into English.,1.据报道，那条铁路因洪水而停止修建。(hold up)It is reported that the construction/building of the railway had been held up by flood2.罢工结果，资方接受了工人的要求。The result of the strike was that the manage
22、ment accepted the demands of the workers.3.煤矿工人们决定为争取更好的工作条件举行罢工。The coalminers have decided to go on strike for better working conditions.4.我很想买这本英文词典，遗憾的是我身上带的钱不够。I want to buy this English dictionary very much,unfortunately,I havent brought enough money with me(OR I dont have enough money on me).
23、,5.我想先和你讨论一下这篇文章的英译稿，然后再把它寄给霍布斯先生。I want to talk over the English translation of the essay/article with you first,and then send it to Mr.Hobbs.6.那位外国专家希望在三年内达到所有的目标。The foreign expert hopes that all the goals can be achieved within three years.7 一个科学家要跟上本领域的新发展,你认为必须做些什么?What do you think a scientist must do if he wants to keep up with the new development in his field?8.作者认为，如果优秀工人经常得到加薪和提级，他们就会有更大的生产积极性。The author thinks,if excellent workers often get pay increases and promotions,they would have greater incentive to work.,
