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1、文化语境与翻译,李英杰河南中医学院外语学院,一、语言与文化,英语中的culture 来源于拉丁文cultura,这个词的最早的基本意义是耕作、种植、作物。随着社会文明的发展，人类认识的深化，culture 一词的外延不断延伸，内涵不断丰富 文化的定义：(1)人类学家认为文化是无处不在、无所不包的人类知识和行为的总体。,(2)文化学者认为文化是人类社会“艺术、政治、经济、教育、修养、文学、语言、思维的总和。(3)跨文化交际学家W.H.Pearce 则认为文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。(4)文化是一种复杂体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗、以及其余社会上习得的能力和习惯。
2、,(5)文化是复杂体，包括实物、知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其余社会上习得的能力和习惯。文化具有时空性：从时间角度看，文化是社会历史发展的综合反映，社会发展的各个历史时期产生了具有时代特征的原始文化奴隶制文化封建文化资本主义文化和社会主义文化，后一时期的文化是对前一时期的过滤和积淀，现代文化是对历史文化的继承和发扬。,从空间角度来看，各个民族各个国家在不同的生态和人文环境下形成了各具特色的民族地域文化，如本土文化外来文化都市文化乡村文化东方文化西方文化等,语言与文化的关系,德国语言学家洪堡特早就指出：语言是自我的表达，也是文化的反映。A地理环境气候对语言的影响 summer,west
3、 wind 在英汉语中的不同意义When also Zephyrus with his sweet breath Exhales an air in every grove and heathUpon the tender shoots and the young sun.,功名富贵若常在，汉水亦应西北流。But sooner could flow backward to is fountains/this stream,than wealth and honor can remain.be left high and dry 陷入困境（船只搁浅）any port in a storm（风暴到
4、来不择港）on the rocks(触礁，处于困境)odd fish（怪物/怪鱼）fish wife（骂街的泼妇/渔妇）trim the sails to the wind（顺着大势前进）in smooth water(在平静的水域/诸事平安)be in the same boat with（与 共患难）sink or swim(孤注一掷)to sail through（一路顺风）海水不可斗量、海阔天空、海角天涯、海底捞针、海枯石烂、海誓山盟、海市蜃楼、海内存知己，四海之内皆兄弟,B动物与植物对语言的影响 bamboo spring up like mushrooms grapevine ne
5、ws 小道消息 as plentiful as black berries daffodil under the rose柳树 昔我往矣，杨柳依依，今我来思，雨雪霏霏 willow悲哀和忧愁，失去亲人cricket欧阳修的秋声赋里 但闻四壁虫声唧唧，如助余之叹息。C.Kingsleys Two Years Ago:I have not had all the luck I expected;but am as merry as a cricket.,C神话传说寓言对语言的影响 a Herculean task 艰巨的任务,Achilles heel 致命的弱点 Samsons hair 力量之
6、源 a sword of Damocles 达摩克利斯之剑 the Gordian knot难解之结 between Scylla and Charybdis腹背受敌 sour grapes 酸葡萄 cry wolf 谎报军情 Pandoras box潘多拉的盒子 the cats paw被别人利用的人 守株待兔、请君入瓮、郑人买鞋、天衣无缝、铁杵磨成针、愚公移山、女娲补天、夸父追日、柳毅传书、叶公好龙,D历史对语言的影响Modern English 知己知彼，百战不殆、围魏救赵、暗度陈仓、过五关斩六将、进退维谷、背水一战、投笔从戎、步步为营、破釜沉舟、城下之盟、临阵磨枪、重整旗鼓 mark
7、time踏步，踌躇 mask ones batteries掩盖敌意 stick to ones guns坚持立场 have been in the wars 在生活中吃过苦头 The king and the pope,the lion and the wolf。国王教皇狮子豺狼 Kings go mad,and the people suffer from it君王发疯百姓遭殃 kings have long hands王权过四海，勿与帝王争 more royalist than the king比国王还要保皇 比极端分子还极端 popes nose 煮熟的鸡屁股,二、文化与翻译,语言不能脱
8、离文化而存在，文化是语言赖以生存和发展的土壤。英国译学理论家Susan Bassnett 曾把语言比喻为文化有机体的心脏。她说：如同在做心脏手术时人们不能忽略心脏以外的身体其他部分一样，我们在翻译时也不能冒险将语言的言语内容和文化分开来处理。因此语言的翻译不仅是语言符号表层的指称意义的转换，更是两种不同文化的互相沟通和移植，翻译既涉及两种语言，更涉及两种文化。,1词汇空缺这里的空缺是指原语词汇所载的文化信息在译语中没有对等语或对应语 hippie/hippy 天干地支，阴阳八卦、农历节气、中医术语、武术气功 In Chinese philosophy,medicine,etc.yin,the
9、feminine or negative principle in nature;yang,the masculine or positive principle in nature.,我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。I was born in the Year of Rooster.I never eat chicken.The Year of the Rooster will bring me good luck or bad luck.Chinese people traditionally use 12 animals,representing the 12 Earthly B
10、ranches,to symbolize the year in which a person is born.Spring festival 2005,for example,is the first day of the Year of Rooster.People born in this year have the rooster as their life symbol.All other years of the rooster,according to an old Chinese saying,become either good or bad luck years for t
11、hem.,2词义冲突这里的冲突指源于词语所载的文化信息，与译语的对应词语所载的文化信息是相互矛盾的，也就是说，词语的表层指称意义相同，但词义的深层文化涵义却不尽相同甚至相反。资产阶级自由化 bourgeois liberalization bourgeois liberalization aiming at capitalist restoration,3语义联想（赵辛楣）一肚皮的酒，几乎全化成酸醋（钱钟书围城）The wine in Hsin-meis stomach turned to sour vinegar in his jealousy.,4 语用涵义浅花叫了一声奔着井沿跑去，她心里
12、一冷，差一点没有栽到地上死过去。她想，竟来不及拉他一把，自己也跳到井里去吧。（孙犁 藏）Qianhua screamed and ran to the well.In a moment of horror she almost fainted and fell.She thought that since she had failed to save him,she might as well jump in and make an end of herself.,5 民族心理差异 成语谋事在人成事在天。杨宪益夫妇译为Man proposes,Hevean disposes.英国汉学家霍克思译
13、为Man proposes,God disposes.“这断子绝孙的阿Q！”远远地听到小尼姑的带哭的声音。鲁迅阿Q正传“Ah Q,may you die sonless!”sounded the little nuns voice tearfully in the distance.May you die sonless!-a curse intolerable in China,一见面是寒暄，寒暄之后说我“胖了”，说我“胖了”之后即大骂其新党。鲁迅祝福When we met,after exchanging a few polite remarks he said I was fatter,and after saying that immediately started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.改译：After exchanging a few polite remarks when we met,he observed that I looked fat,and having made that complimentary remark he started a violent attack on the revolutionaries.,Thanks for your attention,
