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1、翻译理论与实践,旅游资料的翻译Translation of Tourism Materials,Significance of translation of tourism materials,-A necessity in expanding our tourism industry,with the purpose of introducing Chinas landscapes and the culture to the outside world,Problems arising due to cultural factors,Cultural differences1.Cultur
2、e-loaded or culture-bounded words.E.g.“阴阳”、“八卦”、“五行”、“气功”、“太极拳”“粽子”2.Different ways of expressions,Chinese version,祖国山水，风格多样；多样的风格，相对应而存在，相比较而多姿。杭州西湖，水谢歌台，人工赋予它典雅美。蜀中仙山峨眉，漂浮于云涛雾海，呈秀色于烟雨浸漫的山林，誉满中华的桂林山水，水秀山奇，山水平分秋色。,English version,China is a land of scenic contrasts,each uniquely representing its own
3、 area;West Lake in Hangzhou with enchanting pavilions set in quiet surroundings,Mount Emei in Sichuan with peaks peeping through mist and clouds,Guilin in Guangxi with panoramic views of mountains and rivers.,目的论（Skopostheory）,-The theory is raised by Hans J.Vermeer and improved by Reiss.-Skopos is
4、a Greek word for“purpose”.In the theory,the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose of the overall translational action.,Text Analysis,The combination of informative text（信息文本）、expressive text（表情文本）and vocative text（祈使文本/召唤型文本）,The Principle in Translation,-Accuracy,accept
5、ability-Try to convey cultural information,while managing to acquire a smooth TT,which is easily understandable and readable as well.,Strategies and Suggestions,According to that principle,the translation should be feasible.That is to say,necessary addition,omission and adaptation should be made wit
6、hout suffering the loss of necessary information.,Two parts,Translation of names of scenic spotsTranslation of other tourism materials,Translation of names of scenic spots,Translation methods generally suggested:literal translation、意译 free translation、音译transliteration、音译加直译transliteration combined
7、with literal translation、直译加音译literal translation combined with transliteration、意译加直译free translation combined with literal translation,Examples,1太和殿-Taihedian;Taihedian Hall;Hall of Supreme Harmony2中和殿-Zhonghedian;Zhonghedian Hall;Hall of Complete Harmony3保和殿-Baohedian;Baohedian Hall;Hall of Preser
8、ving Harmony4 文华殿-Wenhuadian;Wenhua Hall;Hall of Literary Glory5 武英殿-Wuyingdian;Wuying Hall;Hall of Military Prowess6 乾清宫-Qianqinggong;Qianqinggong Palace;Hall of Heavenly Purity7 交泰殿-Jiaotaidian;Jiaotaidian Hall;Palace of Union and Peace8 坤宁宫-Kunninggong;Kunninggong Palace;Palace of Earthly Tranqui
9、lity,Notes-完全音译,适用于行政区划名称如城市、乡镇、县城、村庄等的翻译,如北京（Beijing）、八达岭(Badaling)、北戴河(Beidaihe)、西安(Xian)、长安(Changan)、临潼(Lintong)等。在这个原则的指导下，“银川”只能译成Yinchuan,而不能译作Silver Stream;同样，长安只能是Changan,而不是Everlasting Peace。,Notes-音意双译,一般都采用专名音译，通名意译的方法，牵涉到历史上和传说中的人物时，尤其如此。例如茅盾故居(Mao Duns Former Residence)、杜甫草堂（Dufus Thatc
10、hed Cottage）等。许多山河湖海的名称也多采用此译法。这里牵扯到译名统一的问题。可以采用这样的做法：如果景点名称属于汉语的“单名”，为照顾音韵，应将通名音译出来，例如太湖(Taihu Lake)、黄山(Huangshan Mountain)、华山（Huashan Mountain）、豫园(Yuyuan Garden)等等；如果是“双名”，则不必将湖、山、海、园等词音译出来，如普陀山（Putuo Mountain）、峨嵋山（Emei Mountain）等。,Notes-完全意译,对保留原文形象及文化、历史内涵至关重要，如“三潭印月”（Three Pools Mirroring the M
11、oon）、“紫来洞”（Purple Source Cave）、“寒山寺”（Cold Mountain Temple）、“拙政园”（Garden of Humble Administrator）、“狮子林”（Lions Grove）等，但是，完全意译也有不足之处，因为没有音译，外国人就缺少一个途径，无法与中国读法之间建立直接的联系。比较恰当的译法是音译与意译相结合再以“鹰嘴岩”为例：鹰嘴岩-Yingzuiyan；Yingzuiyan Cliff；Yingzuiyan（Eagle Beak Cliff）。,Examples-the combination of transliteration an
12、d free translation,大观园:Daguanyuan(Grand View Garden)潇湘馆：Xiaoxiangguan(Bamboo Lodge)怡红院:Yihongyuan(Happy Red Court)蘅芜苑:Hengwuyuan(Alpinia Park)稻香村:Daoxiangcun(Paddy-Sweet Cottage)大观楼:Daguanlou(Grand View Pavilion)缀锦阁:Zhuijinge(Variegated Splendor Tower)含芳阁:Hanfangge(Fragrant Tower)蓼风轩:Liaofengxuan(Sm
13、artweed Breeze Cot)藕香榭:Ouxiangxie(Lotus Fragrance Anchorage)紫菱洲:Zilingzhou(Purple Caltrop Isle),1.增添 Addition,增添理解原文内容所必需的背景知识，如：历史事件发生的年代，名人的生卒年代，他们的身份及其在历史上的贡献，名胜的具体位置等等。,Examples-addition,路左有一巨石，石上原有苏东坡手书“云外流春”四个大字。To its left is another rock formerly engraved with four big Chinese characters Yun
14、 Wai liu Chun(Beyond clouds and flows spring)written by Su Dongpo(10371101),the most versatile poet of the Northern Song Dynasty(960-1127).,Examples-addition,林边有一个洞，叫白龙洞。传说白蛇传的白娘子曾经在这里修炼。Near the forest is the White Dragon Cave which is said to be the very place where Lady White,the legendary heroin
15、e of The Story of the White Snake,cultivated herself according to Buddhist doctrine.,Examples-addition,绍兴是越瓷的产地。Shaoxing is the home of Yue Porcelain.Yue is a state name used to refer to the Shaoxing region in Ancient China.,2.解释 Explanation,解释是指增加的部分是对字、词、句的字面意思的解释。前面提到的景点名称的音译加意译就是采用的这种方法。这样，一方面能让
16、外国游人及读者建立起读音何意义的联系，了解汉语名称的字面意思，另一方面也使他们了解了这些名称的由来，增加了旅游的趣味性。,Examples-explanation,花港观鱼：Hua Gang Guan Yu(Viewing Fish at Flower Harbor)孤山:Gushan(Solitary Hill),Examples-explanation,湖南省位于长江中下游南部，东经108度至114度，北纬24至30度。因地处洞庭湖之南，所以叫做湖南。Hunan Province lies just south of the middle and lower reaches of the
17、Changjiang(Yangtze)River between 108 and 114 E longitude and 24 and 30 N latitude.As it is also situated south of Lake Dongting,the Province has the name Hunan,which means“south of the lake”.,3.借用 Borrowing,“借用手法指借典译典，借译语表达式和形象来翻译源语有特定文化含义的表达式和形象，以求等效”（何自然等，2004）。有的学者称这种方法为cultural substitution(文化替换
18、)，在找不到文化对应词的时候，使用译语文化中同类典故、成语、委婉语等，有时会收到意想不到的效果。“这样可以简洁而准确地介绍人物和景点，使译文读者在自己文化地基础上理解异国文化情调，加强文化地交流与理解”（张宁，2000）。如将济公比作罗宾汉，将西施比作埃及艳后，将梁山伯与祝英台比作罗密欧与朱丽叶，将苏州比作意大利的威尼斯，将银川市比作小麦加，将孔子比作希腊的亚里斯多得，等等。,Examples,故宫耗时 14 年，整个工程于 1420 年结束。The construction of the Forbidden City took 14 years,and was finished in 142
19、0,72 years before Christopher Columbus discovered the New World./14 years before Shakespeare was born.,4删减Omission,在旅游资料的翻译中，删减有时是十分必要的。应该删减的是多余的对译文理解没有多大帮助的内容。需要对原文进行删减的有几种情况。首先，中国人写文章，喜欢作各种历史考证。这些考证对熟悉祖国历史和文化的中国读者来说是必要的，而对外国人来说，则是不必要的，有时还可能使他们越看越糊涂。其次，中国人在叙述完一件事或描写完一个景点后，喜欢引用名人、名言、名诗来验证自己的感受。然而，诗词
20、毕竟是最难翻译的，无论是以书面形式还是以口头形式，能将诗词的“音美、形美、意美”都恰如其分地传达给外国读者和游客，增加游客的游兴，应该是每个译者的理想和追求。如果由于种种原因，这些诗词翻译过去，造成译文的累赘和臃肿，甚至扭曲愿意，妨碍外国游客的理解，破坏他们的游兴，达不到预期的交际目的，则可删去不译。,5改写 Adaptation,1）对原文句子结构的改写由于思维方式不同，中国人和西方人写作时的推理方法也不同。西方人是直线思维，多采用演绎推理；而中国人是螺旋式思维，多采用归纳推理。在展开一个话题时，汉语往往迂回曲折，先分说，再总括，多用掉尾句；而英语则开门见山，先总括，再分说，多用松散句。翻译
21、时有必要对原文的结构加以调整，使其与西方读者或游客的习惯相吻合。,Examples,在四川西部，有一处美妙的去处。它背倚岷山主峰雪宝顶，树木苍翠，花香袭人，鸟语婉转，流水潺潺。这就是松潘县的黄龙。One of Sichuans finest scenic spots is Huanglong(Yellow Dragon),which lies in Songpan County just beneath Xuebao,the main peak of the Minshan Mountain.Its lush green forests,filled with fragrant flowers
22、,bubbling streams,and songbirds,are rich in historical interest as well as natural beauty.,5改写 Adaptation,2）对原文诗词的改写水映山容，使山容益添秀媚，山清水秀，使水能更显柔情，有诗云：岸上湖中各自奇，山觞水酌两相宜。只言游舫浑如画，身在画中原不知。The hills overshadow the lake,and the lake reflects the hills.They are in perfect harmony,and more beautiful than a pictur
23、e.,5改写 Adaptation,3）对原文行文风格的改写汉语和英语在行文风格和修辞上存在较大的差异。汉语旅游资料中有许多华丽辞藻悬、四字词组只是为了音韵的和谐和渲染气氛，并无多大实际意义，翻译时应该调整措辞，将这些虚华之词用明白晓畅的语言重新表述，使译文通达流畅，符合英文的表达习惯，增强译文的可读性，也更利于外国游客和读者的理解和接受。旅游翻译首先应该以旅游者为导向（tourist-oriented）,让他们听懂、看懂、读懂。如果遇到非常主观性的描述语言，如“重峦叠嶂”、“广袤无垠”、“分外妖娆”、“美不胜收”、“争奇斗艳”、“千姿百态”等等，可以简单概括一下。这就是改写。,Example
24、s,她（黄河）奔腾不息，勇往直前，忽而惊涛裂岸，势不可挡，使群山动容；忽而安如处子，风平浪静，波光潋滟，气象万千。It tears and boils along turbulently through the mountains and at some places,flows on quietly with a sedate appearance and glistening ripples.,Examples,这儿的峡谷又是另一番景象：谷中急水奔流，穿峡而过，两岸树木葱茏，鲜花繁茂，碧草萋萋，活脱脱一幅生机盎然的天然风景画。各种奇峰异岭，令人感受各异，遐想万千。It is another gorge through which a rapid stream flows.Trees,flowers and grass,a picture of natural vitality,thrive on both banks.The weird peaks arouse disparate thoughts.,粽子,a pyramid-shaped dumpling made of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo or reed leaves(eaten during the Dragon Boat Festival）back,
