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1、Morphology,A better way of looking at linguistic forms in different languages would be to use the notion of“elements”in the message.Morphology:the type of investigation which analyzes all those“elements”which are used in a languageMorphemes:“elements”in the form of a linguistic message,Morphemes,“A
2、minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.”Reopened:re-+open+-ed Tourists:tour+-ist+-s,Free and Bound Morphemes,Free morphemes:can stand by themselves as single words:open,tourBound morphemes:cannot normally stand alone,but typically attached to another form:re-,-ist,-ed,-s.All affixes in Eng
3、are boundStem:when used with bound morphemes,the basic word-form involved is technically known as the stemUn-dress-edPrefix stem suffixbound free bound,Free and Bound Morphemes,This type of description is a partial simplification of the morphological facts of Eng.Re-in words:receive,reduce,repeatBut
4、 ceive,-duce-and peat are not free morphemesBound stems and free stems(dress,care),Free morphemes,Lexical morphemes实意词素:a set of ordinary nouns,adjectives and verbs which we think of as the words which carry the content of messages we conveyopen class of wordsFunctional morphemes功能词素:consists largel
5、y of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns:closed,Bound Morphemes,Derivational morphemes:to make new words in the L and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem;-ness,-less,-ful,-ly,etcInflectional morphemes
6、:indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.Used to show if a word is plural or singular,if it is past tense or not,and if it is a comparative or possessive form Eng has 8 inflectional morphemes:-s,-s(books),-s(lies),-ing,-ed,-en,-er,-est.All suffixes,Derivational vs.Inflectional,Inflect
7、ional morpheme never changes the grammatical category of a wordDerivational morpheme can change:teach-er-er can be an inflectional morpheme as part of an adjective(fast-er)and also a distinct derivational morpheme as part of a noun(teach-er)Teach-er-s TeachersLexical deri-inflectional,Morphological
8、Description,P 78Problems in morphological description,Morphs and Allomorphs,Morphs:actual forms used to realize morphemes.Cat is a single morph.Cats consists of two morphs,realizing a lexical morpheme and an inflectional morpheme(plural)Allomorphs:actual forms of the morphs which result from the single morpheme The irregular forms of plurals and past tenses in English are described as having individual morphological realization rules,
