英语长、难句子翻译指导.ppt

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1、英语长、难句子翻译技巧,虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood）,虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式，表示所说的话不是一个事实，而只是一种假设，愿望，建议，怀疑，猜测或不大可能实现的空想。,I.虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中,虚拟语气用在条件状语从句中，通常从句由连词if 引导,通常表达三种含义:1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句3.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句注意:在条件状语从句中，如果有were,should,had，可以把连词if 省去，把 were,should,had 提前放在句首，构成条件意义。,1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句条件状语从句:If+主语+动词过去式(

2、be的过去式用were)主句:主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词E.g.If I feared death,I wouldnt be a communist.怕死就不做共产党员。If there were no air,we couldnt live.如果没有空气，我们就不能生活。,1.与现在事实相反的虚拟条件句条件状语从句:If+主语+动词过去式(be的过去式用were)主句:主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词E.g.If I feared death,I wouldnt be a communist.怕死就不做共产党员。If th

3、ere were no air,we couldnt live.如果没有空气，我们就不能生活。,Exercise:I would ask George to lend us the money if I _ him.A.had known B.knew C.have known D.knowI _ it to him if I thought he would understand.A.shall explain B.will explain C.would explain D.explain,2.与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句条件状语从句:If+主语+动词过去完成式 主句:主语+would,sh

4、ould,could,might+have+过去分词 E.g.If you had come a few minutes earlier,you would have met him.如果你早来几分钟，你就会碰上他。If there had been no air in the tube,the result of the experiment would have been more accurate.如果试管中没有空气，实验结果就会更精确。,Exercise:If you hadnt gone with Tom to the party last night,_.A.you would m

5、eet John already B.you wont have missed JohnC.you will have met John D.you would have met John,3.与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句条件状语从句:If+主语+should+原形动词，或If+主语+were+不定式+原形动词主句:主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词E.g.If he were to come tomorrow,things would be easier.假如他明天会来，事情就容易办了。If the sand should be broken up,it woul

6、d give out much energy.如果沙子能被分解，它会释放出大量的能量。,注：在表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句中，从句中的should有时可以省略。E.g.If he make the design,he might do it in some other way.要是他来搞这个设计，他可能用另外的方法设计。Exercise:If the sea _ to rise 50 feet,India would become an island.A.will B.is C.was D.wereIf you _ to see Mary,what would you tell her?A.

7、are B.will be going C.must D.were,错综时间的虚拟语气在一些含有虚拟语气的句子中，如果主句与从句的谓语表示不同的时间，虚拟语气可有不同形式，即主句与从句各自按自己的时间构成虚拟形式。E.g.If I had met him before,I could recognize him.要是我以前遇见过他，我就能认出他了。（从句表示与过去事实相反，主句表示与现在或将来事实相反）If we were driving at a speed of 100 Li an hour,we would have arrived there 2 hours ago.如果我们的行车速度

8、每小时100里，两小时以前我们就会到达那里了。（从句与现在事实相反，主句与过去事实相反）,省略连词if在条件状语从句中，如果有were,should,had，可以把连词if 省去，把 were,should,had 提前放在句首，构成条件意义。E.g.Should it rain tomorrow,what would you do?万一明天下雨，你怎么办？Were there no friction,we could not walk.要是没有摩擦力,我们就不能行走。Had we known about the new method,we should have applied it ear

9、lier.如果我们过去知道这种新方法，我们早就应用了。,Exercise:Had Alice been more hardworking,she_.A.had not failed B.would not failC.could not be failed D.would not have failed_ today,he would get there by Friday.A.Would he leave B.Was he leavingC.Were he to leave D.If he leaves_ difficulties,we would be successful.A.Shoul

10、d we overcome B.Would we overcomeC.Might we overcome D.Could we overcome,II.虚拟语气用在 wish 后的宾语从句中,虚拟语气用在wish后的宾语从句中，（常常省去连词that），表示不可能实现的愿望。1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望,1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望主语+wish(that)+从句主语+动词过去式（be 一律用were）E.g.I wish I knew everything in the world.I wish that the experiment

11、 were a success.We wish we had wings.我们希望有翅膀。Exercise:I wish it _ not so cold outside.A.shall be B.be C.were D.isI wish I _ you better.A.know B.knew C.will know D.have known,2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望主语+wish(that)+从句主语+would/could+have+过去分词或had+过去分词E.g.I wish that you had called yesterday.I wish that I could ha

12、ve gone with you last night.I didnt go to the party,but I do wish I had been there.Exercise:I wish you _ such a great deal of fuss.A.were not caused B.had not caused C.have not caused D.are not causedI wish that you _ such a bad headache because Im sure that you would have enjoyed the concert.A.hadn

13、t had B.hadnt C.didnt have D.hadnt have,3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望主语+wish(that)+从句主语+would/should/could/might+原形动词E.g.I wish that he could try again.I wish that someday I should live on the moon.We wish that they would come soon.Exercise:I wish that we _ with my brother when he flies to England next week.A.cou

14、ld go B.had gone C.will go D.are going,III.虚拟语气用在其它名词从句中1.虚拟语气用在 suggest,demand,insist,ask,move,advise.desire,order,propose,require,recommend,request,maintain,vote 等表示建议，命令，请求的动词后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语用 should+原形动词，但美国英语中常要省去 should。E.g.I suggest we start at once.They propose that you(should)read the rules ca

15、refully.The commander ordered that the soldier fire at the enemy.He insisted that he go there on foot.,2.虚拟语气用在 It is+形容词（或过去分词）+that.的主语从句中，表示要求，建议，提议，命令，请求等，英国英语中从句的谓语用“should+原形动词（或完成式）构成”，而美国英语中则要求用原形动词。该句型中常用的形容词或过去分词有：advisable,desirable,essential,important,better,keen,natural,necessary,probab

16、le,possible,strange,vital,desired,demanded,requested,suggested,recommended,required 等。E.g.It is necessary that the machine(should)be oiled once a week.It is important that everyone(should)obey the law.It is suggested that you take a walk after supper.,3.虚拟语气用在与表示建议，要求，提议，命令，请求等意思有关的同位语从句和表语从句中，英国英语中

17、要求从句谓语用“should+原形动词”，而美国英语中则要求用原形动词，但在 as if,as though引导的表语从句中，从句中谓语用动词过去式或过去完成式，表示对现在或过去的虚拟。E.g.He complied with the requirement that the experiment(should)be done tomorrow.他同意明天再做实验的要求。He looks as if he were tired.他面带倦容。We agree to the suggestion that they(should)work on night shifts in turn.我们同意轮

18、流值夜班的建议。His order is that you(should)send the materials to the work site at once.他的命令是你们要把材料立即送到工地。,4.虚拟语气用在 It is(high,about)time(that)句型中，定语从句中谓语用动词过去式，意指将来。E.g.It is time(that)we went home.It is high time we had the meeting.It is time you left.It is time that I was off.注：如果主语是单数第一，三人称，动词 be常用 was

19、。,IV.虚拟语气用在其它状语从句中1.虚拟语气用在由as if/as though 引导的方式或让步状语从句中，一般情况下，如果主谓语动词为现在时，从句谓语多用过去时；如果主句谓语为过去时，从句谓语多用过去完成时。虚拟语气用在 even if,even though,whatever引导的状语从句中，从句谓语可参照由if引导的虚拟条件从句的谓语，一般用过去时或过去完成时。E.g.This old machine runs as if it were a new one.The old worker works as though he were a young man.Even though

20、 she had been here very soon,she would not catch the train.,2.虚拟语气用在so that,lest（唯恐）,in case（万一）,unless,in order that（为了，以便）,that（为了，以至于）,for fear that（生怕，以免）,on condition that（如果）等引导的目的，条件状语从句中，从句谓语 may 或 might+原形动词，也有用 should,can,could+原形动词构成的。E.g.The teacher explained the law once more in order t

21、hat we might understand it better.Some people eat so that they may live.Others seem to live in order that they may eat.一些人吃是为了生存，而另一些人似乎是活着就是为了吃。I left him a note with my address on for fear that he should not know where to see me.The heroes gave their lives that we might live a happy life.为了我们过上幸福生

22、活，英雄们献出了自己的生命。,倍数的翻译,倍数的减少,倍数的增加,常见的倍数的翻译有倍数的增加和倍数的减少,Exercises,1.n times+名词或+that of,n times as as或v+n times等可译成“是的n倍”或“比增加n1倍”。e.g.The output of cars of this year is about three times as great as that of last year.今年的汽车产量大约是去年的三倍。（或：今年的汽车产量比去年多两倍左右。）2.n times+“增加”意义的比较级+than可译成“净增加或倍”。e.g.The irri

23、gated area in this prefecture is four times bigger than in 1998.这个辖区的灌溉面积是1998年的4倍。,倍数的增加,3.“增加“意义的动词+by可译成“增加了倍”；“增加”意义的动词+by a factor of可译成“增加了n1倍”；增加意义的动词+to可译成“增加到或倍”或“增加了n1倍”。e.g.The value of our industrial output this year has increased five times as compared with that of ten years ago.今年我们的工业

24、产值比10年前增加了四倍。The rate of inflation has increased by 3%.通货膨胀率增长了3%。4 Double,treble,quadruple,n+fold等表示的倍数可译成“是的n倍”或“增加了n1倍”。e.g.The efficiency of the machine has been more than trebled.这台机器的效率增加了二倍多。,倍数的增加,1.n times as“减少”意义的原级 as,n times“减少”意义的比较级 than,“减少”意义的动词+n times等，可译成“比减少(n-1)/n”、“减少了（n-1）/n”

25、、“是 1/n”、“减少到1/n”(若n中有小数点，则要换算成不带小数点的分数或百分数)。e.g.The length of the laser tube was reduced ten times.激光管的长度缩短到1/10.（或：激光管的长度缩短了9/10。）This kind of film is twice thinner than ordinary paper,but its quality is quite good.尽管这种薄膜的厚度只是普通纸张的一半，可是质量却相当好。,倍数的减少,2“减少”意义的动词+by可译成“减少”、“减少n-1/n”或“减少到1/n”；减少意义的动词+

26、by a factor of可译成“减少n-1/n”或“减少到1/n”；减少意义的动词+to可译成“减少到”。e.g.The load resistance is reduced by a factor of 5.负载阻抗减少到五分之一。The company has reduced its work force from more than 15,000 to 10,000.该公司将其工作人员从一万五千人裁减到一万人。,倍数的减少,Translate the following sentences into Chinese.,1.The sales of computers have mul

27、tiplied six times since 1988.,1988年以来，计算机的销售量增加了五倍。,2.The number of the students enrolled in evening classes has increased more than twofold.,注册晚间上课的学生人数增加了一倍多。,3.The population of this small town has increased by a factor of four.,这个小城镇的人口增长了三倍。,4.The price of mobile phones was reduced by 70%.,移动电话

28、的价格降低了70%。,5.If you treble the distance between two objects,their gravitational attraction gets nine times weaker.,假如你使两个物体之间的距离增大到三倍，那么它们之间的万有引力就会减小到九分之一。,6.By using an automatic assembly line,the assembling time will be reduced five times.,这条自动装配线使装配时间减少了五分之四。,7.The cost of the new product is 25%a

29、s much as that of the old one.,新产品的成本是老产品的25%。,8.The machine improves the working conditions and raises efficiency four fold.,这台机器改善了劳动条件，使功效提高了三倍。（功效是原来的四倍）,同位语翻译(Translating Skills:Appositive),结构复杂同位语,名词或代词、形容词、数词等作同位语,可以充当同位语的有名词、代词、介词短语、不定式等。同位语通常放在有关成分（本位语）之后，并对其内容进行进一步的解释说明。同位语一般用逗号与本位语隔开（但有时也

30、可不隔开）。下面举例说明有关同位语的各种表达方式及其翻译方法：,Exercises,同位语从句,Example You may leave it to us two.你可以把这件事交给我们两个。This is Mr.Zhou,director of our hospital.这是我们医院院长周先生。She seemed different from them all.她似乎和他们所有的人都不同。This theory was advanced by Li Siguang,a famous Chinese geologist.这一理论是由中国的一位著名的地质学家李四光提出的。,1名词或代词、形容

31、词、数词等作同位语，一般与本位语译在一起：,ExampleThen arose the question where we were to get the machines needed.这时就产生了这样一个问题：我们到哪儿去找需要的机器。They visited eight cities,for example,London and Paris.他们访问了八座城市，例如伦敦、巴黎。,2 有些同位语结构复杂一些，如由引导词引导，翻译时一般译在本位语之后，且要用标点符号（逗号或破折号）隔开。,ExampleI had no idea that you were here.我不知道你也在这儿。Ob

32、viously there was little probability that they would succeed,but they didnt mind.很显然他们成功的可能性极小，但是他们不在意。,3.在某些涵义需要进一步说明的名词（如idea,fact,news,hope,belief,thought,doubt等）后可用that从句作同位语，称为同位语从句。翻译时可译成该名词的定语。,Translate the following sentences into Chinese and pay special attention to the appositive in itali

33、cs.,1.We expressed the hope that they would come and visit China again.,我们表示希望他们再次访问中国。,2.The story goes that William Tell did kill the tyrant with that arrow.,传说威廉泰勒真用这支箭射死了暴君。,3.There is not probability that human beings will ever be controlled by robots.,人类受机器人控制德可能性是不存在的。,4.She went to the meeti

34、ng on the supposition that people would not assail her with questions.,她参加了这次会议，心想人们是不会向她提许多问题的。,5.Ive come from Mr.Lin with a message that he wont be able to see you this attention.,我从林先生那儿来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了啦。,6.The middle-aged man is a newly elected team leader,able,open,and sincere.,那位中年人是新选出的队长

35、，他能干、开朗而又诚恳。,8.Their staff of 360,mostly former housewives,help the residents with their laundry and mending.,他们有360名职工，大部分原来是家庭妇女，现在帮助居民做一些洗涤、缝补的事。,7.His only interest in life，playing football，has brought him many friends。,他生活中唯一感兴趣的东西是踢足球，这使他得到很多朋友。,名词性从句的翻译,名词性wh-从句的翻译,名词性that-从句的翻译,在句子中起名词作用的句子叫

36、名词性从句(Noun Clauses)。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，因此名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。,Exercises,名词性从句否定转移的翻译,That只起连接主句和从句的作用，本身没有词义，例如：That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。,名词性that-从句的翻译,The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近

37、来谁也没有见过他。The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。,用it作先行词结构的翻译：(1)It is 名词从句It is a fact that 事实是；It is an honor that 非常荣幸；It is common knowledge that 是常识(2)It is 形容词从句It is natural that 很自然；It is strange

38、that 奇怪的是,(3)it is 不及物动词从句It seems that 似乎；It happened that 碰巧(4)it 过去分词从句It is reported that 据报道；It has been proved that 已证实,Wh-词包括who,whom,.whose,whoever,what,whatever,which,whichever等连接代词和where,when,how,why等连接副词，例如：How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。In ones own home one can

39、 do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。,名词性wh-从句的翻译,My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。She will name him whatever she wants to.她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。Im not sure why she r

40、efused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。,Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。,wh-从句常用结构的翻译：What you need is 你需要的（东西）是How 从句 is up to y

41、ou.的方法/途径由你决定。Where 主语谓语 is none of your business.什么地方与你无关。Why 主语谓语 is a secret.为什么还是个谜。It is not clear who 谁还不清楚。,英语长、难句子翻译技巧,长句翻译(Long Sentences),Exercises,翻译长句时应从语法上分析全句，通过语法分析，弄清长句中各部分之间的语法关系，特别要弄清楚哪个是主句，主句中哪个是主语，谓语和宾语以及整个句子的时间先后顺序和逻辑关系，然后按照汉语的特点和表达方式把句子译成若干个短句，并安排好各短句之间的次序。下面三种方法有助于我们译好长句。,1.顺译

42、法：A partition runs down the centre of the heart,dividing it into left and right sections which work at the same time but deal with two different types of blood.一道隔膜穿过心脏中间，把心脏分成左右两个部分，两个部分同时活动，但却处理两种类型的血液。,2逆译法:What easier way is there for a nurse,a policeman,a barber,or a waiter to lose professional

43、 identity than to step out of uniform.对于护士，警察，理发师或是服务员来说，要使人们看不出他们的职业身份，还有什么比脱下制服更容易的方法呢?,3分译法:But for many,the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory.但在许多人看来，穷人能不靠政府救济养活自己，而且生活得几乎和过去依靠政府救济时生活的一样好，这件事

44、本身就是一个巨大的胜利。,事实上，有些长句的翻译同时要用到两种或两种以上的方法，在翻译的过程中还须运用增词法，减词法和重复法等翻译技巧。即使看懂了句子结构，若不善于使用这些翻译技巧，表达起来也难免别扭不通顺。,长句的翻译还要注意以下方面:一、词语的正确理解 二、关于动词的形式 三、分清修饰关系 四、确定句子成分 五、明确指代关系 六、辨析词性结构 七、克服望文生义 八、小心否定陷阱 九、省略和并列平行结构 十、比较结构 十一、倒装和分割结构 十二、定语从句与先行词分隔及其翻译 十三、否定句 十四、理清特殊结构,一、词语的正确理解,1.词语的正确搭配及意义一个词，在词典中尽管有许多意思，但是用在

45、某个特定的句子中，和不同的词语进行搭配时，以及在不同的语法结构中，只有一个确定的意思。因此，在翻译时要善于抓住词语的搭配和语法结构，确定词义。以下举例说明：,1）I can think of a good few medical students who would willingly“work their way through colleges”by filling in as nurses at our understaffed hospitals.误译：我可以想象不少读医的学生是愿意来我们人手不足的医院当护士帮助病人填写病历，以此来挣钱读完大学的。正译：我可以想象不少读医的学生是愿意来

46、我们人手不足的医院临时充当护士，以此来挣钱读完大学的。分析：fill in用做及物动词词组，和a blank/a check./a form等搭配时，是做“填写”、“填入”解释的，但是如果用作不及物动词词组时，和for sb;as sb.搭配，就是做“暂时代替”来解释。,2）(An intelligence test does not measure character,social adjustment,physical endurance,manual skills,or artistic abilities.)To criticize it for such failure is rou

47、ghly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.误译：批评这样的失败就好比批评温度计不能测出风速一样。正译：批评智力的测试不反映上述情况，就好比批评温度计不能测出风速一样。分析：很多情况下，failure这个词是做“失败”解释的，但是，当failure后面接动词不定式，形成failure to do sth.的结构的时候，这个failure就应当解释为“未能”、“没有”。,六、词语的正确理解,2.词语的上下文意义“吾生也有涯，而单词也无涯”，一个人认识词汇的能力总是有限的，翻译时碰到不认识

48、的词的可能性很大。在考研的试题中，常考查多义词，这时我们千万不能想当然，受思维定势的影响，按照自己印象最深，或最熟悉的词义去理解，而是应当充分利用上下文来分析和确定词义。下面举例说明：,1）It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system which will make a more e

49、conomic use of the wealth of talent,application and industry currently being wasted on certificates,diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.误译：我认为时机已成熟。就业部门和教育部门应同大学携起手来，修正我们的教育制度，使之能把学生的才能、申请及工业都更好地运用于经济方面。而这些才能、申请及工业现在都浪费在无人感兴趣的证书、文凭和学位上。,正译：我认为时机已成熟。就业部门和教育部门应同大学携起手来，修正我们的教育制度，使之能比较合

50、理地使用学生的才能、勤奋和刻苦。而现在他们这些才能和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的证书、文凭和学位上。分析：虽然application常做“申请”解释，但是由上下文来看，这里显然不是这个意思，而是另一个意思：勤奋刻苦。同样，industry也有这个问题，它多做“工业”解释，但根据上下文应当是“勤劳”的意思。此外，这里的economic也是误译，只是看它和economy有些像，就想当然地译成“经济”，这是不对的，应当是看它在文章里的具体环境，采用“节约的”、“合理的”这个译法。,2）When you think of the innumerable birds that one sees flying