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1、Grammar 非谓语动词 非谓语动词功能比较 to do的复合结构-ing form的复合结构 非谓语动词的否定式-ing form 与 pp 的区别 独立主格结构,1.谓语动词与非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词，叫做谓语动词；在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等的动词，叫做非谓语动词。,We should serve the people heart and soul.I am reading a novel.,She found English hard to learn.Seeing is believing.,The results obtained are quite s
2、atisfactory.Please stop speaking.,（谓语）,（谓语）,（状语）,（主语和表语）,（定语）,（宾语）,2.非谓语动词的分类,不定式(infinitive),分词（participle）,动名词（gerund）,3.非谓语动词的特点,1)不能单独做谓语，但可和助动词或情态动词 组成谓语。,You ought to have been here yesterday.,2)具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语或状语。,The Party called on us to serve the people.,3)连系动词的非谓语动词形式后还可以带表语。,The student
3、s ran out of the classroom,laughing merrily.,To be frank,your plan is not practicable.,非谓语动词功能比较,eg.I like skating,but I dont like to skate today.Playing with fire is dangerous.Look out！To play with fire is dangerous.,eg.There is no joking about such matters.,主语,to do 表示具体的动作，-ing form 表示泛指的动作。,2.“t
4、here is no+主语”句型中，多用-ing form.,Theres no saying what hell be doing next.Theres no telling what hes going to do.,3.不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用 it 作形式主语。,It is right to give up smoking.,It made me very happy to hear her talk about it.,【注意1】,It is+adj+for sb to do sthIt is+adj+of sb to do sth,（for 引出动作发出者）,（o
5、f 引出 adj 修饰的对象）,主语,It is no use/good doing,【注意2】,It is easy for me to finish this work before ten.It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party.,It is very kind of you to give me some help.Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.,注意：常用在 of 句型中的 adj 有：,kind,good,nice,w
6、ise,unwise,clever,foolish,cruel,careless,stupid,naughty,polite,impolite,silly,wrong,brave,honest,noble，right,rude等,You are very kind to give me some help.,You are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.,主语,The officers narrowly escaped_ in the hot battle.A.have killed B.to kill C.to be killed D.
7、being killed,Dont you remember_ the man before?A.seeing B.to see C.saw D.to have seen“Have you decided when_?”“Yes,tomorrow morning.”A.to be leaving B.to leave C.will you leave D.are you leavingShe _ me when I passed by.A.didnt pretend to see B.pretended not seeingC.pretended not to seeD.pretended t
8、o have not seen,宾语,宾语,注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用 it 作 形式宾语。,I find/feel it interesting to work with him,find/think/feel/make/consider it+adj/n+to do sth.,My teacher made it a rule only to speak English in class.,考点一:demand,want,expect,promise,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,lear
9、n,agree,seem,hope,decide,prepare,pretend,wish,start,afford 等+to do,考点二:admit，appreciate，avoid，consider,delay,deny,enjoy，escape,excuse，face，fancy(设想),feel like，finish，forgive，give up,imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，pardon,practise，put off，resist,risk，suggest，cant help，cant stand(无法忍受)等+doing,宾
10、语,like,love,hate,prefer,begin,start,continue,intend+doing/to do begin to know/understand/realize,考点三：forget，remember，regret，go on，like，mean，stop，try 等动词可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。I remember doing the exercise.I must remember to do it.I mean to come early today.Missing the train means waiting for another h
11、our,我记得做过练习,我必须记得去做这事,我打算今早些来,误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时,宾语,regret to say/tell/inform,考点四：allow，advise，forbid，permit+doing allow，advise，forbid，permit+sb to do be allowed/advised/forbidden/permitted+to do We dont allow _here.We don t allow students_.Students are not allow _.,smoking,to smoke,宾语,to smoke,考点五：在短语
12、 devote to，look forward to，stick to,be used to，object to，get down to,be(kept)busy，be worth,have difficulty trouble problem(in)，have a good wonderful hard time(in)+doing例如：I look forward to _from you soon.,hearing,考点六：动词 need，require，want 作“需要”解，+doing to be done The window requires _._.,cleaning,to
13、be cleaned,宾语,1.The story was _,we were all _.A.moving,moving B.moved,moved C.moving,moved D.moved,moving2.There is a _ expression on his face.Maybe the problem is too difficult for him.A.puzzled B.puzzling C.puzzle D.to puzzle3.With his son too_,the father was sad.A.disappointed B.disappointing,定语和
14、表语,eg.He attends the meeting being held in the room now.He attended the meeting held yesterday.He will attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.,2.表示被修饰词的内容时，用to do.,eg.She has a strong wish to go to college.the way/chance/ability/right/willingness to do,1.从时态上看，-ing form 表示正在进行的动作,pp表示已经完成的动作,to do表示
15、将来的动作。,定语,注意：不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。,She could do nothing but cry,What do you like to do besides swim?,I have no choice but to go,3.I have some books for you to read.,He is looking for a room to live in,There is nothing to worry about,定语,动名词作定语 sin
16、ging competition swimming pool dining car opening speech drinking cup living room typing paper waiting room writing desk washing machine frying-pan sleeping-pill walking stick teaching method注：动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途,定语,If you wave your book in front of your face,you can feel the air_ against your face.A.m
17、oved B.moving C.moves D.to move They would not allow him_ across the enemy line.A.to risk going B.risking to go C.for risk to go D.risk going Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth.A.run B.running C.being run D.to run,宾语补足语,eg.I found him _the money.(steal)I found the money _.When he came
18、 to himself,he found himself _by an old lady.(look after)I often hear Mary _this English song.,-ing form与宾语为主动关系，强调动作正在进行；pp与宾语为被动关系，强调动作已经完成；(to)do只单纯表示一个事实，强调动作的全过程。,补足语,stealing,stolen,being looked after,sing,注意2：在 feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch，have，1et，make 等词后的补足语中，不定式不带t
19、o。但是这些句中如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。,注意1：ask,advise,allow,permit,get,beg,cause,command,order,force,oblige,encourage,instruct,remind,warn,want,wish,expect,prefer,would like,call on,depend on,ask for,wait for,help+sb to do,I often hear him sing the song,He is often heard to sing the song,补足语,注意3：catch,keep,mind,
20、prevent,remember,stop,start,smell,excuse,send,fancy+sb doing例如：She caught her son smoking a cigarette.Wed better keep the fire burning.I dont mind you joking.I like it.The heavy rain prevented us coming here on time.We must try to stop them getting into trouble.I dont remember him ever saying anythi
21、ng like that.His words started me thinking seriously.Can you smell something burning?The earthquake sent the china and glass crashing to the ground.,补足语,作状语时的区别：,-ing/pp 表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随情况等等,eg.They worked hard to pay for the necklace.I went to see him only to find him out.I am glad to see you.,to d
22、o 表示 1.目的;2.结果表示出人预料的情况或结 果。常用only强调。3.原因表示造成情感变化的原因。,目的,结果,原因,状语,In order to pass the exam，he worked very hard,We ran all the way so as not to be late,2.在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。,I am very glad to hear it.The question is difficult to answer,3.too+adj/adv+to do 作状语,He is too old to do that,4.enough+adj/adv+to
23、 do 作状语,The room is big enough to hold us,1.目的状语:in order to 或 so as to,to do 作状语的其它几种情况:,5.so/such as to do 表结果,He was so angry as to be unable to speak.I am not such a fool as to believe you.,-ing form 与 pp 作状语 现在分词(短语)与过去分词(短语)作状语,表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况 等。,Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagain a
24、ndagaintous.United,we stand;divided,we fall.(=When/If we are united)Seen from the hill,the park looks very beautiful.Climbing tothetopofthetower,wesawamagnificentview.,(1)表示时间,(2)表示原因 Beingsick,Istayedathome.Shecaughtcoldsittingonthegrass.(3)表示条件Adoptingthismethod,wewillraisetheaverageyield（产量）by40p
25、ercent.We will not attack unless attacked.Even if invited,I wont go.,(4)表示让步Admittingwhatshehassaid,Istillthinkthatshehasnttriedher best.(5)表示结果Itrainedheavily,causingseverefloodinginthatcountry.Itrainedfortwoweeksonend,completelyruiningourholiday.(6)表示方式或伴随情况Heranuptoherbreathingheavily.Pleasefilli
26、ntheform,givingyourname,addressSurrounded by a group of pupils,the old teacher walked into the room.,分词的时态和语态：与主语动词同时，应用现在分词。分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用 having done。1)The secretary worked late into the night,_a long speech for the president.A.to prepare B.preparing C.prepared D.was preparing2）_ a re
27、ply,he decided to write again.Not receiving B.Receiving not C.Not having received D.Having not received3）_in the university for 3 years,he knows the way very well,B,C,Having studied,_by the teacher，Li Ming gave up smoking A.Having been criticized B.Being Criticized C.Criticized D.Having criticized W
28、aiting for a bus,_.A.a brick fell on my head B.A little girl came to talk with me.C.I was hit by a brick on the head D.I was hit by a brick on my head,A,C,分词作插入语 或 转化为介词和连词 其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。generally speaking一般说来talking of(speaking of)说道 strictly speaking 严格的说judging from 从判断 all things consid
29、ered 从整体来看taking all things into consideration全面看来 given/considering 考虑到 supposing,provided,providing 假若 例如：Given his age,he did very well.Supposing she doesnt come,what shall we do?,动词不定式作插入语表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。to behonest/frank/fair/；totellyou thetruth;tobegin/start with；tocut/make alongstoryshor
30、t;toget(back)tothepoint；tomakethings/matters worse;toputitanotherway；not to speak of eg.Tobehonest,IhaveneverheardofWinstonChurchill.He knows English and French,not to speak of German.,非谓语动词的否定形式,not+to do/-ing form,He decided not to do it.She wished never to see him again.,Not seeing John,I asked w
31、here he was.Not having done it right,I tried again.His not coming made me a little angry.,-ing form 与 pp 的区别,-ing form 表示主动，正在进行,Pp 表示被动，已经完成,作表语时或定语时，-ing form表示“令人”,pp表示“感到”，常见的有下列感官动词：move,surprise,astonish,delight,comfort,disappoint,puzzle,frighten下列表示关系的词用-edseated in(on)坐在 located 坐落 devoted 忠
32、诚于stationed 驻防 dressed 穿着 hidden 藏在 prepared 准备着 related 关系 connectedlost in absorbed in,1.He was hidden under the desk.2.Dressed like a lawyer,she came to the court.3.Stationed in Hongkong,a group of PLA men followed HongKong customs.4.Seated at the back of the classroom,he listened to the teacher
33、carefully.5.Located on the seashore,the building looks pretty.,ing form的复合结构,1.形容词性物主代词/名词所有格+ing form Toms coming his coming2.代词宾格/名词+ing form Tom coming him coming,主语表语宾语,宾语,_the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.A.The president will attend B.The president to attend C.The president attended D.The presidents attending,1.Do you mind opening the door?2.Going there saved us a good deal of trouble.3.Being late again made the teacher angry.,Do you mind me/my opening,Toms going there saved us a good,His being late again made,说出-ing form 动作的执行者时，须用复合结构,
