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1、非谓语动词做状语,分词做状语,分词是动词的三种非限定形式之一，分为两种：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词的形式是“动词原形+ing”;规则的过去分词在动词原形后加“ed”。分词也具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化，并可带状语宾语等。分词的否定式在分词前加not(例如：not whishing,not having received).分词做状语时表示的动作是主语的一部分，与谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时或几乎同时发生的，有时先于谓语的动作发生。分词做状语一般于其他成分用逗号分开。分词可以做时间，原因，方式，条件，结果，目的，让步等状语。,分词的形式和意义,题型结构：,_，S+V+O.（多把表时间，
2、原因，条件，目的状语等放句前）S+V+O,_.（表结果，伴随的状语等放句后）,Hearing the news,they immediately set off for Shanghai.When they heard the news,they immediately set off for Shanghai.He walked down the hill,singing softly to himself.He walked down the hill and sang softly to himself.,逗号前后没有连词连接（and,but,when,as,where,however,
3、等），就构成了非谓语做状语的基本前提.现在分词的主动式主要是与句中主语逻辑上的一种主谓关系，现在分词的被动式主要是与句中主语逻辑上的一种动宾关系；现在分词的进行式是指分词所表示的动作（或状态）与句中动作同时或几乎同时发生，现在分词的完成式是指分词所表示的动作（或 状态）一定先于句中谓语动作发生。,Eg.1.Seeing from the hilltop,he was delighted to see a wonderful view.此句中，逗号前后无连词连接故不能同时出现两个简单句，see 逻辑主语是 he,他们之间是一种主谓关系（主动），see 动作与be delighted to see
4、几乎是同时性（同时），因此seeing(主动，进行)符合要求，相当与一个时间状语从句：when he saw from the hilltop,he was delighted to see a wonderful view。2.Seen from the hilltop,the valley looked like a wonderland.(从山顶上看去，峡谷宛若仙境。)在本句中，see与the valley 构成了逻辑上的动宾关系即 可理解为“峡谷”是被看的，而峡谷的美（宛若仙境）是本身存在的事实，因此用过去分词强调see与主语the valley的被动关系即可。3.Seen from
5、the pagoda,the south foot of the Purple Mountain is a sea of trees.从这个塔上远眺，紫金山南麓是树的海洋。,4.Having written an important letter,I listened to the music for a while.此句中write与I是逻辑上的主谓关系（主动），write动作先于句中listen to the music的动作，故用having written(主动，完成)作状语。5Having been written in haste,the essay was not worth r
6、eading.此句中the essay 与write 是被动关系，write动作先于be worth reading 之前 是同时强调被动完成，所以选用 Having been written(被动，完成)，该分词表原因。,作时间状语时相当与when引导的时间状语从句。,这类状语通常放在句子的前半部分,也可至于句子后面，若两个动作同时发生，可在分词前用when 或while表示强调。Eg.Hearing the news,they immediately set off for Shanghai.(When they heard the news,they)When leaving the a
7、irport,they waved again and again to us.Having finished his homework,he watched TV for a while.,作原因状语相当于as,since,because 引导的从句，这类状语多放在句子的前半部分。,Eg:Being a layman in matters of culture,I would like to study them.(As I am a layman in matters of culture,I would like to study them.)The doctor,not wanting
8、 to make the patient nervous,did not explain the seriousness of his illness.,作条件状语相当于if,unless 等引导的从句这类状语一般放在句子的前半部分。Eg:Turning to the right,you will find a path leading to his cottage.(If you turn to the right,you)United we stand,divided we fall.团结就是胜利，分裂必然失败,4）作让步状语相当于though,even if 等引导的从句。表示让步的状语
9、要放句前，一般不可放在句尾，但前有连词时例外。Admitting what she has said,I still think that she hasnt tried her best.(A though I admit what she has said,I still think)尽管承认她所说的话，但我仍然认为她没有尽最大的努力。Granting his honesty,we still cant employ him.就算他是诚实的，我们也不能雇佣他。,作方式或伴随状语不能用状语从句替换，但可以改成并列句，通常放句后。He walked down the hill,singing
10、softly to himself.(He walked down the hill and sang softly to himself.)Kneeling and shutting her eyes,she prayed to the goddess.She stood by the window watching the sunsets.The boy run home,crying,作结果状语相当于so that引导的从句。这类状语通常放在句子的后半部分，并有逗号同前面的句子成分隔开，长可以译为“于是，所以，或因此”等。这种分词的逻辑主语即可以是句子的主语，也可以是前边的整个句子，如果
11、逻辑主语是前边的整个句子，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句。Eg:The old scientist died all of a sudden,leaving the project unfinished.He turned off the lamp,(thereby)seeing nothing.The output of steel increased by 15%last year,reaching 30,000 tons.,According to(根据)Judging from/by(由判断)Considering(鉴于)Provided/providing that（如果）Comp
12、ared to/with(与相比较)Supposing that(假设，如果)Generally speaking 一般说来Frankly speaking 坦白地说Properly speaking 正确的说来To tell you the truth说实话Takinginto consideration 考虑到,Seeing 考虑到Saving 除了，除非Assuming 假使Admitting 虽说，即使 Given 如果 Eg:Given another chance,Ill do it better.Given time,hell make a first class writer.
13、(2003,北京，28)Judging from his accent,he is from the north.Considering your age,youd better live with your son.Generally speaking,the more expensive the camera,the better its quality.,2)另一类题是由be+p.p.+prep+n/pron/v-ing，要么是被动语态，要么是表一种状态，此结构，一般情况去be后，可把分词直接用做状语。,be satisfied with be excited about be plea
14、sed withbe surprised at be married to be engaged to be accepted bybe followed by be faced withbe driven bybe interested in be lost in thought,be used to/as/forbe armed withbe surrounded bybe born in be dressed in be filled with be covered with/by,1._ at failing in the math exam,John wouldnt like to
15、talk it to his parents.A.Disappointed B.To be dispointed C.Disappointing D.Having disappointed2._ by a greater demand for vegetables,farmers have built more green house.A.Driven B.Being driven C.To drive D.Having driven。,3._ with so much trouble,we failed to complete the task on time.A.Faced B.Face C.facing D.To face4.Faced with a bill for$10,000,_.A.John has taken an extra job B.the boss has given John an extra job C.an extra job has been taken D.an extra job has been given to John,
