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1、动词的时态和语态,动词的时态 时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。它是“时”和“体”的组合。“时”有现在、过去、将来、过去将来之分；“体”有一般、进行、完成、完成进行之别。见下表：,v./v.s,ved,will+v,would+v.,had+Vp.p,have/has+Vp.p,will have+Vp.p,am/is/are+Ving,was/were+Ving,一、一般现在时1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作或存在的状态；He takes a walk after supper every day.He is our English teacher.客观真理、科学事实
2、、格言；The sun rises in the east.Two plus two makes four.主语的特征、性格、能力等。He woks hard.The children draw well.常见时间状语：often,sometimes,seldom,always,every day/month/year,2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在表示将来。如：Ill go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词
3、的一般现在时表示正在发生的动作。例如：There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。4.表示安排或计划好的将来的动作（一般只限于某些表移动的动词，如go,come,leave,start,be,arrive,begin,return,open,close,depart,end,sail,finish等）.The train starts at ten oclock in the morning.Supper is at five today.,二、一般过去时1）表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，
4、常与last week/year/month/spring,a few days ago,in 1998等时间状语以及when等连词引导的时间状语从句连用。We had a good swim last Sunday.When I was young,I took cold baths regularly.2）叙述过去连续发生的一件件事。He got up early in the morning,fetched water,swept the yard and then went out to work.3）表过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。When my brother wa
5、s a teenager,he played table tennis almost everyday.4）在条件、时间状语从句中表示过去将来的动作。They said they would let us know if they heard any news about him.,三.一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况。有下列一些形式：1.will/shall+do（侧重将来行为，不突出计划安排去做某事，与tomorrow，next week,soon,in 2018等连用）表示将会出现的动作或状态。My daughter will be twelve years old
6、 tommorrow.表示经常发生的动作。We shall work in this factory every day.“will+动词原形”表示事物固有的属性或必然趋势、倾向。Fish will die without water.,表示说话过程中所做的决定。The phone is ringing Ill answer it.2.be going to do表示已经决定或安排好要做某事。We are going to visit the Museum of Chinese History.根据某种迹象认为在最近或将要发生某事。Tom studies very hard,and he is
7、 going to try for a scholarship.,3.be about to+动词原形表示即将发生的动作，意为“正要、即将”。The English evening is about to begin.不可与具体的将来时间的副词或副词性短语、但可以同由as/when引导的时间状语从句连用。She was about to go to cinema when I came.4.be to do 1)(按计划或安排即将发生)The boys are to go to school next week.He and I are to meet at the Shanghai Rail
8、way Station.,这种结构也可用于过去，was/were to do sth表示曾经计划要做的事，但不表明计划是否被执行，或表示命运（即命中注定要发生的事），而非计划；was/were to have done sth 表示未曾实现的计划。I felt nervous,I was soon to leave home for the first time.我感到很紧张，因为我很快就要首次离开家了。They said goodbye,little knowing that they were never to meet again.他们告了别，不知道以后再也不会见面了。We were t
9、o have told you,but you were not in.我们本想告诉你的，但你不在家。,2）表示“应该”，相当于should,ought to，You are to report to the police.What is to be done?应该怎么办呢？3)表示“必须”，相当于must，have to The letter is to be handed to him in person.4)You are to do your homework before you watch TV.表示“想，打算”，相当于intend,want，If we are to be the
10、re before ten,well have to go now.,5)用于第一人称疑问句，表示征求对方意见。Am I to go on with the work?What are we to do next?6)用于否定句，表示“禁止”，相当于“mustnt”The books in this room are not to be taken outside.7)表示“可能，可以”，相当于may,can The news is to be found in the evening paper.Such people are to be found everywhere.,四、现在进行时1
11、.表示说话时正在进行而尚未完成的动作或状态。We are having an English lesson.2.表示现阶段一直在进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行。The workers are building a new factory.3.有时可表示即将发生的动作（只限于go,come,stay,leave,start,begin,arrive,return,fly,drive等动词）这时常有一个表示将来时间的状语。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。My father is coming to see me this Saturd
12、ay.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。,3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。例如：The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滚滚向东流。The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。4.表示反复出现或习惯性动作，常表示不满、抱怨或赞赏等情感。常与always,forever,all the time,continually,constantly等时间副词连用,如：He is always thinking of others first.He is always making the same mistake.5.
13、大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有：exist,live,understand,mean,owe,belong to,know,doubt,suppose,remember,forget,believe,trust,want,wish,refuse,like,hate,dislike,prefer,mind,hope等。,五、过去进行时1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）。He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2.表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作，但说话时不一定在进行。T
14、hey were digging a railway tunnel last week.3.表示从过去某一时间的角度，看将要发生的动作（用于某些动词 go,come,stay,leave,start,begin,arrive,return,fly,drive等动词）They are leaving a few days later.4.与always、frequently等副词连用，表示感情色彩。He was always asking her questions.,六、过去将来时 1.would/should+动词原形表从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作或将要存在的状态。通常用于其主语的谓语为
15、过去时态的宾语从句中。They asked me if I would go to Guangzhou soon.I told her I should return the book in a few days.2.过去将来时的表达方法与一般将来时一样，只是有关动词要用过去时形式。I was about to go out when the telephone rang.He told me he was going to learn another foreign language.2.was/were+不定式表示过去将来时间的安排，如果这个安排后来被取消，没有实现，则用was/were+
16、to+have done表示。She told me that she was to plant some trees in the yard.We were to have left at six last night.,七、将来进行时 1）表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作；They will be meeting us at the station.I will be seeing Mr Smith tomorrow.2）表示原因、结果或猜测；Please come tomorrow afternoon,tomorrow morning Ill be having a meeting.St
17、op the child or he will be falling over.You will be making a mistake.3）用在问句中，表示委婉礼貌；Will you be reading anything else?When shall we be meeting again?4）表示稍后一点的安排 My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.,八、现在完成时 1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作，常与so far,inthe past/last few year
18、s,recently,lately,twice,for two years,how long,since(ago)用。例如：I have finished one third of the report so far.She has cleand the room.2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for”,“since”表述的一段时间状语连用。例如：He has learned English for six years./They have worked here since they left college.,九、过去完成时1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作,常
19、与by(the end of)+过去时间状语，by then等时间状语连用,也可用before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，还可通过上下文来表示。He had shut the door before the dog came up.Everything had been all right up till this morning.By then he had learned English for 3 years.2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。例如：At the age of ten,he had learned 500 Eng
20、lish words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.,3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。例如：We had expected that you would be able to win the match.4用于hardly/scarcely/barely had.donewhen和no soonerhad.done.than引导的复合句的主句中，常用倒装语序。When 和than从句里用一般过去时，表示“刚刚、就、”Har
21、dly(No sooner)had I got home when(than)the rain poured down.我们刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre.我们才刚刚开动，汽车的轮胎就漏气了,5.It was/had been+一段时间+since从句.Since 从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.我们10年没这么高兴了。6.This/That/It was the first/second.ti
22、me+that 从句。that从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。That was the first time(that)I had passed the exam.那是我第一次考试及格。,十、将来完成时 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。往往对将来某一时间产生影响，常于表将来的时间状语连用。We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term。往往和时间或条件状语从句连用。If you
23、 come at seven oclock,I shall not yet have finished dinner.,十一、现在完成进行时1.用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续一去）的动作。完成进行体是完成体和进行体的组合，因此，它具备完成体和进行体的一些因素，如它具备进行体的“未完性、暂时性、感情色彩”等特点。例如：He has been learning English for 6 years.（从过去某一时间开始学英语，强调到现在还在学）It has been raining for three days.（强调说话者抱怨的感情色彩）2.凡是不能用于现在进行时的动
24、词均不能用于现成完成进行时。,动词的语态,一、知识结构图：,二、基本吋态的被动语态 1.一般现在时的被动语态：am(is,are)+过去分词 2.一般过去时的被动语态：was(were)+过去分词 3.一般将来时的被动语态：will be+过去分词 4.过去将来时的被动语态：would be+过去分词 5.现在进行时的被动语态：am(is,are)being+过去分词 6.过去进行时的被动语态：was(were)being+过去分词 7.现在完成时的被动语态：has(have)been+过去分词 8.过去完成时的被动语态：had been+过去分词,三、含情态动词的被动语态 1.其结构为“情态
25、动词+be+过去分词”。如：This cant be done in a short time.这不是短期内可以完成的。This neednt be mentioned in the letter.这在信中不必提及。2.情态动词后的动词可以用完成式。如：Can this have been done by a child?这能是一个孩子做的事吗？The door must have been locked by Jim.门一定是被吉姆锁上的。,四、主动表被动的若干情形1.连系动词（如look,sound,smell,feel,taste,prove等）要用主动表被动，因为连系动词为不及物动词，
26、它们没有被动语态形式。如：Thebuildinglooksverybeautiful.这栋楼看上去很漂亮。Yourideaprovedtobewrong.你的想法证实是错的。2.当open,close,shut,lock,move,read,wash,clean,cook,cut,wear,carry等用作不及物动词且表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。如：Thedoorwontshut.这门关不上。Thebooksellsquickly.这书销售得快。3.有的动词本身含有被动意味，通常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如：Hercoatcaughtonthenail.她的大衣被钉子钩住了。Hereyesfilledwithtears.她眼里充满了泪水。,4.不定式toblame,tolet用作表语时，通常要用主动表被动。如：Whoistoblame?该怪谁呢？Thehouseistolet.此房出租。5.某些“be+形容词+todo”结构中的不定式通常要用主动形式表示被动意义。6.不定式用于某些动词（如have,have got,get,want,need等）的宾语后作定语时，如果不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。,Thank you,
