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1、,Unit 2Robots,Section Grammar&Writing,一、被动语态的基本概述及构成形式1概述被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，表示句子中的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象。一般说来，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。被动语态的构成是：助动词be动词过去分词。被动句的时态通过助动词be的变化来体现，它必须与主语的人称和数相一致，其变化规则与系动词be完全一样。,不定式的被动形式,2各种常用时态的被动语态构成形式(以give为例),二、不定式的被动语态1不定式被动式的形式、用法,It is a great honour to be invited to speak he
2、re.很荣幸被邀请在这儿讲话。The novel is said to be published next month.据说这部小说下个月要出版。No harm seems to have been done.似乎并没有造成损害。,2不定式被动式的语法功能(1)作主语To be loved by people is a happy thing.被人爱是一件幸福的事。(2)作表语The task is to be finished by next month.这项工作要在下个月才能完成。,(3)作宾语The boy asked to be given an opportunity to try
3、again.那男孩要求给他再试一次的机会。(4)作宾语补足语He ordered the baggage to be brought to his room.他吩咐把行李搬进他的房间。,(5)作定语He was the last one to be asked to speak at the meeting.他是最后一个在会上被邀请发言的人。(6)作状语His mother left the small village，never to be seen again.他母亲离开了那个小村庄，再也没人见过她。,3不定式的主动形式表示被动意义的几种常见结构(1)动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名
4、词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系，不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。I have a lot of things to do this afternoon.今天下午我有许多事要做。(to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)Ill go to the post office.Do you have a letter to be posted?我要去邮局。你有信要寄吗？(post与主语you之间不存在主被动关系，只和前面letter构成动宾关系。),(2)在某些“形容词不定式”作表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，常用不定式的主动形式
5、表达被动意义。这些形容词有dangerous，difficult，easy，fit，hard，important，impossible，pleasant，funny，heavy，light，amusing，cheap，comfortable，interesting，nice等。This problem is difficult to work out.这个问题很难计算出来。,(3)too.to do，enough to do结构中的不定式。This book is too expensive(for me)to buy.这本书太贵，我买不起。The problem is easy enough
6、 to solve.这个问题很容易解决。(4)be to blame；be to let(出租)常用主动表示被动。Who is to blame for the accident?谁应为这起事故负责任？The house is to let.此房出租。,(5)在“There be名词to do”结构中，不定式和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系，如果强调的是必须由人完成某件事时，不定式多用主动形式；如果强调事情本身必须被完成时，则用被动式。There is a lot of homework to do.有许多家庭作业要做。Are there any more clothes to be wash
7、ed?还有其他的衣服要洗吗？,.用所给词的适当形式填空1Tom refused _(accompany)by his father to school.答案：to be accompanied2She sent me an email，_(hope)to get further information.答案：hoping,3My little sister should love _(take)to the zoo today.答案：to be taken4Could you please give me something _(eat)?答案：to eat5She was made _(wo
8、rk)more than 12 hours a day.答案：to work,6No one likes _(look)down upon.答案：being looked/to be looked7The teacher asked us _(not make)so much noise.答案：not to make8_(tell)you the truth，Im against you.答案：To tell,.单项填空1(2013课标全国高考)The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the po
9、lice _.Anot to doBnot toCnot do Ddo not解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：那个司机想把他的小汽车停在路边，但是警察不让他那样做。此题考查的是动词不定式中的省略情况。省略了与前面相同的部分，而保留了不定式符号to，另外，此处为否定形式，故应把not放在不定式之前。答案：B,2(2013四川高考)The airport _ next year will help promote tourism in this area.Abeing completed Bto be completedCcompleted Dhaving been completed解析：考查非谓语
10、动词。先判断出此处需要填上一个非谓语动词作the airport的后置定语；根据标志词next year及句意“明年将竣工的机场”可知非谓语动词表示将来动作，故选动词不定式to be done(将被做)；而A项being done“正在被”；C项“已被”；D项常作状语。答案：B,3(2013重庆高考)The engine just wont start.Something seems _ wrong with it.Ato go Bto have goneCgoing Dhaving gone解析：考查非谓语动词。动词seem之后用不定式，排除C、D项；to do表示将来，to have do
11、ne表示完成，根据句意：引擎发动不了，好像出了什么毛病，可知答案为B。答案：B,4It is not I but Tom and his wife that _ for the car accident.Aam to blame Bare to blameCam to be blamed Dare to be blamed解析：句意：不是我而是汤姆和他的妻子该为这次事故受责备。句子的主语是Tom and his wife，故谓语动词用复数形式，to blame作表语，主动形式表被动意义，故选B。答案：B,5With the world changing fast，we have somethi
12、ng new _ with all by ourselves every day.AdealBdealtCto dealDdealing解析：deal with作代词something的后置定语与something构成动宾关系，同时又和句子的主语we构成主谓关系，故使用deal with的主动形式表被动意义。答案：C,6Betty is very popular because she is easy_.Ato be getting along Bto be got along withCto get along with Dto get along解析：动词不定式在形容词easy后作状语，和
13、主语she是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用主动形式，当动词不定式不及物时，还应加上相应的介词。答案：C,7The American soldiers _Iraq kissed their families goodbye and left in a hurry.Aare sending to Bsending toCto be sent to Dare sent to解析：soldiers与send之间为被动关系，故用不定式的被动式作后置定语，表示将要发生的被动动作。答案：C,8He has many new notebooks waiting_.Ato use Bto be usedCto have
14、 used Dto be using解析：wait后应跟不定式；notebooks与use之间为被动关系，故用不定式的被动式。答案：B,9There are five pairs _，but Im at a loss which to buy.Ato be chosen Bto choose fromCto choose Dfor choosing解析：“There be名词不定式(作定语)”中不定式用主动形式，因为表示“从中选择”，所以choose后还要加from。答案：B,10I hurried to the meeting hall，only_ that the meeting had
15、been put off.Ato tell Bto be toldCtelling Dtold解析：only to do 指出乎意料的结果，I与 tell之间为被动关系，故用不定式的被动式。答案：B,11We are invited to a party _in our club next Friday.Ato be held BheldCbeing held Dholding解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处为非谓语动词短语作定语，修饰party，hold与party之间为被动关系，且依据next Friday可知应选择不定式来表示将来，故答案为A项。答案：A,12The play
16、 _next month aims mainly to reflect the local culture.Aproduced Bbeing producedCto be produced Dhaving been produced解析：考查非谓语动词。根据句中时间状语next month，可知这里表示将要发生的动作，所以用不定式，动词produce与主语the play之间构成动宾关系，所以用不定式的被动形式。答案：C,13The government plans to bring in new laws_parents to take more responsibility for the
17、 education of their children.Aforced BforcingCto be forced Dhaving forced解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：政府计划制定新的法律，迫使父母对孩子的教育承担更多的责任。forcing parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children是现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰laws。答案：B,14It remains_whether Jim will be fit enough to play in the finals.Aseen Bto be s
18、eenCseeing Dto see解析：remain to be done为常见搭配，应用不定式的被动式。答案：B,15Mr.Johnson preferred_heavier work to do.Ato be given Bto takeCto have given Dhaving given解析：句意：Mr.Johnson更愿意被分配更重的工作去做。Mr.Johnson与give之间是被动关系，故用不定式的被动式。答案：A,【写作指导】本单元的写作要求是想象作文(Imaginative writing)。所谓想象作文，就是作者根据已有的生活经验和知识，借助想象的翅膀，构思出从未见过的生
19、活图景，并创作出富有想象力的文章。,如何写想象作文,写想象作文练习的是我们的想象力，所以首先要放宽自己的想象空间。新奇、丰富的想象会给作文带来美妙的色彩。当然，所有的想象从某种角度看，都是现实生活的折射，都离不开现实生活。新奇并不等于离奇，只有有一定现实生活依据的想象才能够被大多数人所接受。所以，要写好想象作文，就必须在平时生活中注意观察生活细节，汲取科学知识，以这些内容为依托，进行合理的创作。,创作想象作文还需要有文字结构、章法作为砖瓦。没有恰当的语言文字表述，想象就只能停留在脑海中，无法与别人交流、共享。在具体写作时我们应该改变自己的真实角色和思维方式而成为要写作的对象本身。为了方便写作，
20、我们经常使用第一人称来组织文章。写作时，要注意突出重点，并围绕这个重点选择素材。面面俱到是这类题材的大忌。,具体的写作步骤如下：1写作前，首先要根据写作要求，就某一主题展开丰富想象，其次要围绕主题，调整思路，使文章内容逻辑严密，层次清楚。2打好草稿。根据已确定的思路，先写出有关词汇和表达方式，然后确定文章结构，理清各段之间关系，确定段落的主要意思，写好主题句。,3在文章的开头，你应该对自己的写作对象进行简要的介绍。4根据写作要求，叙述细节，组织文章主体。确保所述细节体现写作对象的特点并对读者具有一定的吸引力。5写好文章的结尾，使文章主题得到升华，让读者对你所写的对象留下深刻印象。,【万能句式】
21、1With the development of.，people have to/our life will be.2In the future，.are sure to become.3At that time people will have.4To solve this problem，scientists have/will.5Moreover，scientists will.6Considering that.，people will.7According to.needs，it can.8In addition/Besides，it can also.,【白金模板】The robo
22、t in the futureAs your know，with the development of _，people have to face _.They dont have enough time _ in their family，which has become a prominent social problem.,To solve this problem，scientists have invented _，which is designed to _.It can _ at a fixed time which can be _.According to _ needs，i
23、t can also _ _，playing chess and doing exercise.Moreover，it can deal with _.For example，if an old man falls ill suddenly，the robot will call for help immediately.,社会发展到了2080年，照顾老年人成了一个突出的社会问题。你公司顺应社会需求适时推出了家用机器人。该机器人的主要功能有：,1可以在固定的时间做饭，做饭时间可以根据个人需要进行调整；2可以陪老人聊天、下棋、做运动等；3及时处理突发事件，例如在老人突然病倒时及时拨打呼救电话等。
24、请你根据以上内容写一份发言稿，在新闻发布会上向大家推荐你公司的这一新产品。,【写作要点】1众所周知，随着经济的发展，人们不得不面对各种不同的压力。_，_economy，people have to_._us all，with the development of economy，people have to face various pressures.It _ people have to face various pressures as a result of the development of economy.,答案：As you know；with the development
25、of；face various pressuresAs is known tois known to us all that,2他们没有足够的时间在家中陪伴老人，这已经成了一个突出的社会问题。They dont have enough time to attend to the old people in their family，_ has become a prominent social problem.They dont have enough time to attend to the old people in their family，becoming a prominent s
26、ocial problem._becomes a prominent social problem _ they.,They could not attend to the old people in their family _ they dont have enough time，_ this has become a prominent social problem.答案：whichIt；thatbecause；and,3为了解决这个问题，我们公司推出了这款机器人，它是专门为照顾老年人而设计的。_，our company put out the household robot，which
27、 _ take care of old people.Our company are aiming _ this problem and has succeeded _ the household robot，which is designed to take care of old people.To solve this problem，our company put out the household robot _ take care of old people.,答案：To solve this problem；is designed toto solve；in putting ou
28、tdesigned to,To solve this problem，our company put out the household robot，which is designed to take care of old people.It can cook meals at a fixed time which can be adjusted according to individual needs.It can also accompany old people in having a chat，playing chess，and doing exercise.Moreover,it can deal with emergencies.For example，if an old man falls ill suddenly，the robot will call doctors for help.It would be a great help for you if you own such a robot.Thank you.,谢谢观看！,
