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1、第二章 真核细胞微生物Eukaryotic microorganism,真核微生物概述：,具有上述特征的微小生物,Characteristics of Eukaryotic Microorganisms1.Have nuclear envelope 具有核被膜2.Mitosis有丝分裂3.Have organells细胞器,Prokaryotic vs.Eukaryotic,真核微生物的主要类群,真核微生物Eukarya,植物界：显微藻类(Algae),动物界：原生动物(Protozoa),菌物界：,真菌Fungi,单细胞真菌酵母菌(Yeasts),丝状真菌霉菌(Molds),大型真菌子实体真
2、菌担子菌(Basidomycetes),Forms:Unicellular,multinucleate,multicellular,Contents,第一节 真菌,第二节 藻类,第三节 原生动物,What are fungi 真菌?Primitive eukaryotic,spore-bearing Heterotrophic 异养:Produce extracelluar enzymes to break down dead plants or animals&absorb nutrition,Athletes foot fungus(Epidermophyton floccosum表皮癣菌
3、),Kitchen sponge with bacteria&fungus,A human eyelash(hair surface)with an unknown fungus infection,Relative Size of a bacterium,clay particle,virus and fungus,Five Characteristics of Fungi1.Nonphotosynthetic 不能进行光和作用2.Reproduction by spores 产孢子繁殖3.Developed mycelium 一般具发达菌丝体4.Heterotrophic&absorpti
4、ve 营养方式为异养吸收型5.Adaptive to land living 陆生性较强,真菌细胞壁主要成分是多糖，另有少量的蛋白质和脂类,低等真菌的细胞壁的主要成分以纤维素为主,酵母的细胞壁的主要成分以葡聚糖为主,高等真菌的细胞壁的主要成分以几丁质为主,第一节 真 菌,What Are Yeasts?True&simple fungi of Ascomycetes 子囊菌纲 Baking or brewing yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae(酿酒酵母),YEAST Unicellular Micr.:Oval to round(Dia:3-15 m)Reprod
5、uce by budding:Blastospore芽生孢子 Pseudohyphae 假菌丝 Macr.:Pasty colonies(resemble bacteria),一、酵 母 菌,（一）酵母菌的形态及大小,Yeasts are usually unicellular.Yeast cells are larger than most bacteria.1-5 um in width and 5-30 um or more in length.They are commonly egg-shaped.Yeasts have no flagella.,一、酵 母 菌,（一）酵母菌的形态及
6、大小,lemon？,egg？,一、酵 母 菌,（一）酵母菌的形态及大小,一、酵 母 菌,（二）酵母菌的细胞构造,一、酵 母 菌,（二）酵母菌的细胞构造,1、细胞壁,一、酵 母 菌,（二）酵母菌的细胞构造,2、细胞膜,一、酵 母 菌,（二）酵母菌的细胞构造,3、细胞核,The nucleus is both a storehouse and a processing factory for genetic information.The process of protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm,一、酵 母 菌,（二）酵母菌的细胞构造,4、其他构造,
7、液泡 线粒体 中心体 微体,possess most of the other eucaryotic organelles.,一、酵 母 菌,（三）Characteristics of colony,Yeasts:similar to bacterial colony but Bigger Thicker Opacity 不透明 Regular(non-movable)Smell,一、酵 母 菌,（四）酵母菌的繁殖,酵母菌的繁殖方式,无性,有性：形成子囊孢子（ascospore）,芽殖budding：各属都存在,裂殖(fission)：在裂殖酵母菌中存在,只进行无性繁殖的酵母菌称假酵母具有有性
8、繁殖的酵母菌称真酵母,一、酵 母 菌,（四）酵母菌的繁殖,1、芽殖,子细胞,出芽痕,芽殖是酵母菌最常见的一种繁殖方式,如果酵母生长繁殖旺盛，芽体尚未从母细胞上脱落，又从芽体上生出新的芽体，如此多次反复进行，母细胞与子细胞以极狭窄面积相连成串，似丝状的样子，则称为假菌丝。,一、酵 母 菌,（四）酵母菌的繁殖,2、裂殖,少数酵母具有与细菌相似的二分裂繁殖方式,一、酵 母 菌,（四）酵母菌的繁殖,3、子囊孢子形成,有性繁殖,子囊孢子,一、酵 母 菌,（四）酵母菌的繁殖,3、子囊孢子形成,Why Yeast?Model organism:S.cerevisiae Exhibit many fundam
9、ental phenomena of cells in other eukaryotes.Life cycle:simple yet includes diverse features such as mitosis,meiosis,and cell to cell signaling during mating.,一、酵 母 菌,（五）Typical species of yeasts,1、酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）,酿造啤酒、白酒、洒精、药用酵母片及食品工业可用废糖蜜培养作为酵母饲料,一、酵 母 菌,（五）Typical species of yeasts
10、,2、产阮假丝酵母（Candida utilis）,人类在微生物蛋白中研究得最多的酵母蛋白之一；富含维生素B和蛋白质；人畜可食的酵母蛋白质。,二、霉 菌,（一）霉菌菌丝的形态构造,The filamentous fungi（丝状真菌）consists of two pats:the mycelium（菌丝体）and the spores（孢子）.The filamentous fungi develop multicellular branching structures known as hyphae（菌丝）,which are connected filaments of vegetati
11、ve cells（营养细胞）.Integrated masses of hyphae are called a mycelium.Each hypha is about 5-10 um wide.,MOULD 霉菌（MOLD）filamentous fungi,multicellular Micr.:Hypha(e)菌丝(dia:2-10 m):Mycelium 菌丝体:vegetative or aerial Spores 孢子 Macr.:Surface:Cottony/wooly/velvety/granular Pigmentation 色素:from the reverse,Yeas
12、ts vs.Molds Yeasts Molds uni-cellular multi-cellular non-filamentous filamentous,二、霉 菌,（一）霉菌菌丝的形态构造,nonseptate,(2)septate,二、霉 菌,（一）霉菌菌丝的形态构造,二、霉 菌,（一）霉菌菌丝的形态构造,二、霉 菌,（二）霉菌的菌落特征,菌落形态较大，质地疏松，外观干燥，不透明，呈现或紧或松的蛛网状、绒毛状或棉絮状；菌落与培养基的连接紧密，不易挑取，菌落正反面的颜色和边缘与中心的颜色常不一致等。,二、霉 菌,（三）霉菌的繁殖方式,Asexual spores are formed
13、 by the aerial mycelium（气生菌丝体）of one organism.When these spores germinate（萌发）,they become organisms that are genetically identical to the parent.Sexual spores result from the fusion of nuclei（胞核）from two opposite mating strains（两性细胞）of the same species of fungus.Organisms that grow from sexual spore
14、s will have genetic characteristics of both parental strains.,Asexual spores are produced by an individual fungus through mitosis（有丝分裂）and subsequent cell division;there is no fusion of the nuclei of cells.Several types of asexual spores are produced by fungi.,Asexual Spores,Sporangiospores（孢囊孢子）Con
15、idiospores（分生孢子）Arthrospores or Oidia（节孢子）Chlamydospores（厚垣孢子）,Sporangiospore,Sporangiospores（孢囊孢子）are formed within a sporangium（孢子囊）,Chlamydospores（厚垣孢子）are thick-walled cells within the hyphae（菌丝）,Chlamydospores,Arthrospores,节孢子,Conidiospores,Conidiospores（分生孢子）are arranged in chains at the end o
16、f a conidiophore（分生孢子柄）,Conidiospores,Several types of sexual spores,Oospores（卵孢子）Zygospores（接合孢子）Ascospores（子囊孢子）zygocyte（合子）,三、担 子 菌,是一类最高级的真菌,四、真 菌 的 培 养,（一）生长繁殖的条件,1、真菌繁殖的条件2、温度3、氧气,真菌的营养要求不高 常用沙保弱培养基(Sabourauds medium)：蛋白胨、葡萄糖、氯化钠 和琼脂。温度：2228，但某些深部感染的真菌为37。pH：4.06.0 生长速度:较慢,四、真 菌 的 培 养,（二）真菌的分离,1、菌丝分离：画线法和稀释法2、组织分离法：3、孢子分离法：,（三）真菌的培养,1、固体培养：分离、研究2、液体培养：浅层培养和深层培养,第二节 Algae,Most Algae are green in color,Color of Algae,A few algae appear brown or red as other pigments including carotenoids are present that mask green,Protozoa Prokaryote 原生动物 原核生物,Thank You!,
