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1、LIVER SURGERY肝脏疾病,肝蒂 肝十二指肠韧带:含有门静脉、肝动脉、胆总管、淋巴结、淋巴管和神经。第一肝门(porta hepatis)由门静脉、肝动脉、肝总管在肝脏面横沟各自分出,向左向右的支干,再进入肝实质内,此处称第一肝门。,门静脉系统(Portal system)在肝实质内,由于门静脉、肝动脉和肝胆管的管道分布大体上相一致,共同被包裹在Glisson纤维鞘内,因此可以由门静脉的分布来代表,称为门静脉系统。第二肝门 是由肝血液的流出管道,其分布与门静脉系统不相一致。三条主要的肝静脉在肝静脉窝进入下腔静脉,此处称第二肝门。,Lobar Anatomy Portal Fissure
2、:Pass from the left side of the gallbladder fossa to the left side of the inferior vena cava to divide the liver into right and left lobes The left lobe consists a medial segment to the right of the falciform ligament and umbilical fissure plus a lateral segment to the left of the falciform ligament
3、 The right lobe consists of an anterior and posterior segment No visible surface marking designates this segmental separation,French“Segmental”system 临床上还常用以肝裂及肝静脉在肝内分布为基础的分段法,将肝分为8段:相当于尾状叶段,左外叶为段、段,左内叶为段,右前叶为、段,右后叶为段、段。,Blood supply to the Liver 2530%来自肝动脉,7075%来自门静脉。肝动脉压力大、其血液含氧量高,供应肝所需氧量的40%60%。门
4、静脉汇集来自肠道的血液,供给肝营养。,Liver function 1.Bile formation:分泌胆汁 6001000ML,消化脂肪和脂溶性维生素吸收。2.Metabolism:A.将碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪转化为糖原,B.蛋白质代谢:蛋白质氨基酸,C.肝内有很多种转氨酶,用于某种氨基酸转化。3.Boold coagulation:4.Metabolism of drugs and toxins 5.Immonology 6.Liver regenerative capacity,阿米巴性肝脓肿的手术引流适应征:(1)脓肿超过10cm或表浅脓肿;(2)脓肿经穿刺多次不见好转,且高热不退
5、者;伴发细菌性感染者;(3)脓肿已穿破胸腹腔或有穿破心包的危险者。,注意 阿米巴肝脓肿的切开引流术与细菌性肝脓肿不完全相同:对于不伴有细菌感染的单纯性阿米巴发性肝脓肿,应采取大套针穿插刺闭式引流,以防止继发性细菌感染。,病程长的慢性局限性厚壁脓肿也可行肝叶切除。多发性细菌性肝脓肿一般不宜手术,但细菌性多发性小脓肿伴有较大的脓肿也可以手术引流。5.中医中药,原发性肝癌(Primary Liver Carcinoma)Hepatocellular carcinoma may be the most prevalent maligant disease worldwide today,occurs
6、four to nine times more frequently in males than in female.Hepatoma is much more common in southeast Asia,Japan and China.,病因病理 There is strong and specific association between hepatitis B virus and liver cancer。Several risk factors have also become well documented,including liver cirrhosis,aflatoxi
7、n,ect.We will discuss their relations to liver cancer respectively 病理分三型:从大体上看,可分为:结节型、巨块型和弥漫型。结节型最为多见,常伴有肝硬化,其次为巨块型,弥漫性肝癌较为少难与肝硬变区别。,1肝硬化 Liver cirrhosis,especially caused by hepatitis B virus,has a much stronger relation to the development of liver carcinoma.德国在第二次世界大战后的25年间肝硬化发生率由3.7上升至11.0,与此同时,
8、肝硬化合并肝癌由3.7上升至9.1。日本582例肝硬化患者随访26年的结果,肝癌发生率从32增至55。我国肝硬化合并肝癌的发生率平均约为55.9(7080)。其中以大结节型肝硬化发生肝癌的危险最大,约占73.8。,2病毒性肝炎 Study from Asia and Africa suggest that hapatitis B virus is present in as many as 70 to 80 percent of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma 持续乙肝病毒感染的患者约40日后将发生肝硬化或肝癌。台湾肝癌患者中约90为HBsAg阳性
9、,乙肝病毒携带者比非携带者发生肝癌机会高100倍。日本成人乙肝病毒携带者的肝癌发生率比正常人高30倍。我国肝癌病例中90以上感染过乙肝病毒。目前流行病学和实验研究均表明:乙肝病毒感染与肝癌发生有密切关系。近年发现丙型肝炎易演变成为慢性肝炎一肝硬化一肝细胞癌,特别在日本和欧美各国,丙肝与肝癌相关性高达50。在酒精性肝硬化并发肝癌的患者抗-HCV流行率高达76,提示丙肝病毒是发达国家肝癌的主要病因。,3黄曲霉毒素(AFT)Aflatoxins are potent carcinogens in experimental animal.The US FDA limits the amount of
10、aflatoxins allowed in peanut butter to 20 parts per billion.我国和非洲某些国家的肝癌发病率与黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)的相关性似乎比乙肝更密切。由于高温、高湿的气候环境为黄曲霉和寄生曲霉的生长和产毒提供了极有利的条件。我国主要粮食黄曲霉污染分布图与肝癌分布趋势基本相同,因而气候、霉变因素是形成肝癌分布地区差异的重要环境条件,提示AFB1是肝癌的重要致癌因素之一。,AFB1主要作用于肝细胞的内质网,分解膜脂蛋白,使核蛋白体脱落,以致蛋白合成受阻,导致细胞转化。AFB1与肝癌发生的关系是呈剂量效应关系,可以诱发动物肝癌,但与人类肝癌的因果
11、关系,尚待深一步探索。,4饮水污染:塘水灌溉水河水井水 5微量元素:缺硒 6性激素和性激素受体:It is possible that some of these tumors are linked etionlogically to oral contraceptives.A number of cases of hepatoma have been reported in males following adminstration of androgenss or other anabolic steroids for the treatment of anemia 7其他:家族聚集现象,
12、从组织学上看可分为:肝细胞型、胆管细胞型和二者同时伴有的混合型。肝癌本身而言,我国主要是原发性肝细胞性肝癌(90%以上)。,转移扩散:原发性肝癌极易侵犯门静脉分支,癌栓经门静脉系统形成肝内扩散,甚至阻塞门静脉主干引起门静脉高压的临床表现。肝外转移最多见到肺,其次为骨、脑。淋巴结转移:肝门淋巴结最多,其次为胰腺、腹膜后、主动脉和锁骨上淋巴结。,临床表现 早期原发性肝癌缺乏症状,常因普查或因其它不适检查时所得诊断。Approximately two thirds of the patients are hospitalized with an obvious cancer in the liver
13、 and symptoms or signs including abdominal pain and tenderness,dyspnea,asthenia,weight loss,hepatomegaly,jaundice,ascites,peripheral edema,or evidence of portal hypertension,1.肝区疼痛:原发性肝癌有半数以上为首发症状,多为持续性钝痛、刺痛或胀痛。因为肿瘤迅速生长,使肝脏包膜张力增高所致。肝右叶顶部的癌肿累及横膈,疼痛可牵涉右肩背部。当癌肿坏死、破裂,可引起腹内出血,从而出现腹膜炎的体征。,2全身和消化道症状:早期患者不易
14、发现,其表现为乏力、消化差、消瘦和腹胀等。有些患者出现恶心呕吐、发热、腹泻等表现。晚期则出现贫血、黄疸、腹水、下肢浮肿、皮下出血及恶病质等表现。,3肝肿大:为中晚期最为常见的主要体征,约90%。肝大呈进行性,质硬,边缘不规则,表面高突不平,呈结节状或巨块状。癌块位于膈顶部,可使膈肌升高难度。有部分病人首发症状为右上腹包块或右上腹隆起。4并发症:肝性昏迷、上消化道大出血和腹水继发感染等。,诊断 肝癌出现了典型症状,诊断不困难,这类患者常不是早期。所以,凡是中年以上,曾有肝病史的患者,只要有肝区不适、消瘦、肝进行性肿大,都有应详细检查。甲胎蛋白(AFP)检测、B超和现代影像学检查,正确诊断率可达9
15、0%。,肝癌血清标志物检测(定性)1A-FP测定:The oncofetoprotein alpha fetoprotein(AFP)deserves special mention because of its diagnostic value.Radioimmunoassay for AFP increased positivity for tumor detection in chinese patients 69 to 93 percent.AFP may return to normal after successful surgical resection A-FP持续阳性或定量大
16、于500g/L,除外妊娠、活动性肝病和生殖胚胎性肿瘤,可以诊断为肝细胞性肝癌。继发性肝癌和胆管细胞癌A-FP阴性。,2血液酶学及肿瘤表达记物检查:肝癌患者AKP、乳酸脱氢酶等可以高于常。但这类酶缺乏对原发性肝癌的特异性,可作为辅助诊断。,影象学检查(定位)1B-scaning:可显示肿瘤的大小、形态、部位和肝静脉或门静脉内有无癌栓形成,其诊断率较高,符合高达84%。能发现有2CM以下或更小的病灶。目前B超是诊断肝癌的有效、价格便宜且无损伤的方法。Combined with AFP test,B-scaning is very usful in screening tests for high
17、risk patients,especially in China,2CT检查:CT-scaning,with or without intravenous material,apperars to be increasing in accuracy and may detect lesion as small as 1 cm in diameter 3选择性腹腔动脉或肝动脉造影:hepatic arteriography may be helpful in identifying the number and location of multiple lesion.对肿瘤血管丰富的肿瘤,1C
18、M2CM小肝癌其诊断小肝癌的阳性率可达90%,是目前对小肝癌的定位检查的各种方法中最有效的方法。,4MRI:5放射性核素肝扫描:6X线检查:腹部透视或平片可见右侧膈肌升高、活动受限或呈局限性隆重起。7肝穿刺针吸细胞学检查.Percutaneous needle biopsy or fine needle aspiration for cytodiagnosis is important in diagnosis,but less for the evaluation of potentially resectable,indeteminant liver masses,鉴别 原发性肝细胞癌需与
19、继发性肝癌、肝脓肿相鉴别。,治疗(Treatment)The overall survival of patients with untreated hepatocellular carcinoma is approximately 3 to 4 months after symptoms appear.If the lesion is resected,average survival is reported to be approximately 3 years.5 year survival rates after resection in large series are 11 to
20、46 percent 1.手术治疗(1)手术切除:A.癌局限一个肝叶者,可作肝叶切除;B.癌侵犯一叶或累及邻叶者,可作半肝切除;C.已累及半肝但没有肝硬变者,可作肝三叶切除;D.肿瘤位于肝边缘可选肝段或次肝段或局部切除。小肝癌:距肿瘤2CM根治性局部切除术。,禁忌症.癌肿侵润第一、第二肝门及下腔静脉(not correct),以及心、肺、肾功能严重受损;.有明显腹水、黄疸;.远处转移者和全身衰竭的晚期患者。,注意 A肝切除至少应保留正常肝脏的30%;B有肝硬变者切除的肝脏不能大于50%,特别要注意右半肝的切除术,尤其应填重,因余下的肝脏不能代偿。,(2)Nonsurgical treatmen
21、t of hepatocellular carcinoma includes hepatic artery ligation,artterial embolization,intra-arterial chemotherapy,targeting radiation or chemotherapy,direct tumor injection,or a combination of methods。特别是肝动脉结扎,有时可使肿瘤缩小,部分病人可得到二期手术切除的机会。(肝动脉的血供主要由肝动脉供应)(3)复发肝癌再手术的问题,应定期随访,检测AFP和B超、影像学检查,一旦发现复发,如条件充许,
22、可施行再次局部切除。,(4)肝癌破裂出血,可行肝动脉结扎或填塞止血。病人全身情况较好、病变局限能手术切除者,可行肝肿瘤所在肝叶切除。对出血量少,估计肿瘤无法切除者,可以保守非手术治疗。(5)Liver transplantation has been performed for otherwise unresectable tumors,but with only appoximately 20 per cent 1-year survival,2.化疗(Chemotherapy)(1)全身化疗:静脉、口服,效果不理想。(2)肝动脉插管化疗:肿瘤不能切除者,可以胃网膜右动脉和右静脉作肝动脉门静
23、脉插管化疗。也可以行肝动脉插管化疗加肝动脉结扎共同使用,能提高疗效。(3)肝动脉栓塞治疗:常用栓塞物为碘油或剪成小块的明胶海绵,也可加入化疗药物,可反复应用。,3.放射治疗(Radiation therapy):局限性肿瘤手术切除有困难者;手术不彻底尚有肿瘤残存者;门静脉主支癌栓;术后复发等。全肝照射或移动条照射适合肝肿瘤范围广泛,肝功能尚正常的患者,若能结合肝动脉化疗栓塞术则疗效更佳。临床不常用。,4.间质疗法(interstitial therapy)治疗刺激直接作用于肿瘤,而保护其周围组织不受损害的一种疗法。多种技术,其中主要包括高温、冷冻、药物注射(包含酒精等)、电离辐射等。本疗法适用
24、于肝内有分散的癌结节,肝外无转移,但不能手术切除者。这类病变约占原发性肝癌病例的917。本疗法不适合弥漫型肝癌。,5.免疫治疗:非特异性主动免疫(免疫核糖核酸、卡介苗),非特异性过继免疫(LAK细胞和TIL细胞)和生物反应修饰剂疗法(IFN、IL-2和TNF)。6.中医治疗:,中晚期肝癌:综合性治疗,但总的治疗效果并不十分理想,所以原发性肝癌应尽量做到早期诊治。早期病人经治疗(手术)总得疗效明显提高。下面资料表明:小肝癌的手术切除率高达80%;肝癌直经3CM手术后5年生存率高达82%;根治性切除后复发再切除后5年生存率达54%;不能切除肝癌经综合治疗后再次(期)手术切除,5年生存率高达56%。
25、,继发性肝癌(Metastatic tumors)Metastatic tumors comprises the largest group of malignant tumors in the liver in the west countries.Most arise in the liver probably as a result of primary tumor cell shedding into the vascular system.Bronchoogenic carcinoma was the most common primary lesion causing hepati
26、c metastases.Next in frequency were colon,pancreas,breast,and stomach tumors.,临床表现:以肝外原发癌肿所引起的症状为主要。但仍有一部分病人在出现肝区疼痛、肝区结节肿块,甚至腹水、黄疸等继发性肝癌的症状后仍不能找到原发病灶。因此,鉴别困难。所以腹腔内的癌肿和其它部位的癌肿要了解肝是否有转移或者肝脏有病灶要明确是否原发肝癌。一般讲,继发性肝癌临床表现较轻,病程发展缓慢,AFP阴性。,治疗:一般不宜手术(not correct conclusion),预后较差。如转移性结节为单个或结节位一叶,局部病灶可以切除,如转移性肝癌可以与原发灶同期切除或二期手术切除。如原发病灶切除后一段时期内出现肝转移,原发病灶没有复发,局部能够切除,可以行肝转移灶局部切除或肝叶切除。如转移肝癌无法切除,可以采用肝动脉结扎、栓塞或插管化疗。,谢谢,