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1、一般过去时和过去完成时,一般过去时和过去完成时都是过去时态，两者的区别是有条件的，因而是相对的.,般过去时的特点,(1)一般过去时表示时间上的二点：一点是现在时刻(说话时间），这是划分过去时的主要时间参照点；另一点是某一确定的过去时刻，是句中谓语动词表示的动作的完成时刻.现图解如下：I wrote a letter yesterday.2 1 T writing(yesterday)speaking(now),一般来说，在现在时刻之前的已经结束的动作和事件，或是经常重复的事件，都可以用一般过去时来表示。例如：He walked into the bar and ordered a vodka
2、and tonic.他走进酒吧，要了杯伏特加酒.I lived in London until I was fourteen.我在伦敦一直住到十四岁那年.When I was a child we always went to the seaside in August.当我还是孩子时，我们总是在八月里到海滨去.,(2)一般过去时通常须与确定的过去时间状语连用。这一时问状语或由时间副词，或由状语从句，或由上下文来表示。John played tennis yesterday/last week,etc.咋天/上星期约翰打过网球.Where did you meet him？I met him
3、at the bus stop.“你在哪儿過到他的？”一“在汽车站遇到的”.有时说话双方“心照不宣”，这时也可不必指出时间状语：The train was one hour late.火车误点一小时.How did you get your new job？你怎么弄到新工作的？,在口语中，我们往往先用现在完成时作话引子，然后用一般过去时把话题转向过去时间，这时，也无须明确指出确定的过去时刻。如：Where have you been？I have been to the play.Did you enjoy it？Oh yes,I enjoyed it very much.“你上哪儿去过了?”
4、一“我去看过戏了一“好看吗？”一“噢，是啊，好看极了”.What have you bought？Ive bought a black suit of pajamas.Why did you buy black？I told you never to buy black for me.“你买了点什么?”一“我买了一套睡衣”.一“你为什么买黑色的？我跟你说过决不要给我买黑色的睡衣,(3)有时，一般过去时也可以用一段不确定的过去时间，表示动作发生于这段时间的始终，或发生于其中的某一时刻。如：He worked in that factory for several years(but he doe
5、snt work there now).他在那家工厂干了几年了(但他现在不在那儿干了）.She lived in Rome for a long time(but shes not living there now).她在罗马住了很长时期(但是现在他不住在那儿了）.I once visited the Great Wall.我曾经参观过长城.Did you ever hear Tom sing during your journey？你旅行期间曾经听到汤姆唱歌吗？,过去完成时的基本特点,(1)过去完成时表示时间上的三点：一点是说话时的现在时刻；一是过去的某一时刻，这是建立过去完成时的主要时间参
6、照点；还有一点就是句中谓语动词所表示的动作完成的时刻。现图解如下:The chair had collapsed before I touched it.我还没有碰这张椅子，它就坏了.3 2 1 Tcollapsing touching speaking,(2)过去完成时主要用来表示在现在时刻之前发生、并于过去某一时刻之前已经完成或在该时刻仍未结束，有可能继续到另一过去时刻才完成的动作或状态.如:The chair had collapsed before I touched it.这把椅子在我碰它以前，就已经坏了.By December 1st last year,he had worked
7、 in the Bank of England for five years.去年十二月一日前，他已在英格兰银行干了五年了.（在十二月一日那天还在干，还可能干一个时期）,（3）过去的事并不是都可以用过去完成时表达的。一般过去时对下载说话时刻而言，过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言。两种时态建立的时间参照点不同，对于过去完成时而言，这一时间参照点十分重要，它是过去完成概念赖以建立的基础，也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准。没有这一点时刻，它就失去了自身存在的条件，就要向一般过去时转化。因此，过去完成时是针对另一过去动作而产生的，也是依赖于这另一过去动作(或时间）而存在的.所以，只有在表示“过去的过去
8、”时，我们才用过去完成时。,这一时间参照点或由时间状语(时点或时段），或由时间从句，或由上下文，或由其他有关句子谓语动词的时态来确定。例如：(I say now that)By two oclock we had had lunch.二点钟前我们已经吃完午餐了.(I say now that)Im sorry were late.We missed the train.When we got to the station,the train had left.很抱歉，我们迟到了.我们没赶上那班火车.当我们到达车站时，火车已经开走了.(I say now that)I had left the
9、concert hall before the concert began.音乐会还没开始，我就已经离开了演奏大厅了.(I say now that)I saw John last Sunday.Hed been ill.上星期天看见过约翰。他已经病了.(I say now that)Was it raining when you came？No,it had just(=a very short time before)stopped.你来时天下雨了？不，雨刚停.,表示心理活动的动词和两种时态,两种时态都可以和表示心理状态(活动）的动词连用，但是意义不同：一般过去时表示现在或将来时间，口气委
10、婉自谦，而过去完成时则仅仅表示过去时间，表达出一种对过去的希望的幻灭的惋惜之情。试比较：We hoped to catch the 8.30 train.我们希望能赶上八点三十分的火车(表示将来）。We had hoped to catch 8.30 train,but found it was gone.我们原来希望能赶上八点三十分的那班火车，可是发现它早已经开走了.,I intended to call you.我想要去拜访您.I had intended to call on you,but was prevented by a heavy headache.我原来想要去拜访您的，可是头
11、痛得厉害，未能如愿。,我们还可以用“上述动词的一般过去时+不定式的完成式”来表示类似的用过去完成时表示的意义-I intended to have called you=I had intended to call you.I hoped to have seen you=I had hoped to see you.We didnt expect to have won the game=We hadnt expected to win the game.我们原来就没指望要赢这场比赛.,两种时态的相对性,这两种时态的区分是相对的。在我们叙述过去的事情时，如果时间的先后顺序很清楚，就不必过去完
12、成时来表示动作的先后了。如：Toms father died when Tom was eighteen.Before he died he advised Tom not to marry till 35，and Tom at 23 still intended to follow this advice.汤姆十八岁时，他父亲去世了。他父亲生前劝饧姆三十五岁前别结婚.汤姆二十三岁时还想恪守父亲的劝告。,但是，如果说话者以过去某一时刻为标准(时间参照点），追溯此刻以前的动作或状态，则要用过去完成时，而在这一时刻上发生的事件则用一般过去时。应该指出，这一时间参照点可根据需要确定，不是一成不变的.
13、例如上面那段文字中，我们若以汤姆23岁为时间参照点，那么就得改写如下：Tom was 23 when our story begins.His father had died five years before and since then Tom hadlived alone.His father had advised him not to get married till he was 35，and Tom intended tofollow this advice.我们讲的故事开头时，汤姆才二十三岁。他父亲五年前去世了，自那以后他一直过着独生生活。他父亲劝他到三十五岁时才结婚，而汤姆仍
14、想遵照他父亲的忠告去做。,按先后顺序叙述过去事件，一般可不用过去完成时，叙述过去某一时刻同时存在的情况,也可不用过去完成时,只有在强调时间先后顺序时，过去完成时才是必不可少的.试比较：He heard voices and realized that there were three people in the next room.他听见人声，知道隔壁有三个人在。（当时人还在）He saw empty glasses and cups and realized that three people had been in the room.他看见了空玻璃杯和其他杯子，知道屋里来过三个人。(当时人
15、已不在了）,Mr Smith arrived at 5 oclock and was told to wait until 6 oclock.史密斯先生五点到，有人叫他等到六点钟。人先到，was told在后）Mr Smith arrived at 5 oclock and had been told to wait until 6 oclock.史密斯先生五点到，他早已接到通知要等到六点钟.,时间从句和两种时态,我们在这里主要谈when-从句和两种时态的关系(1)在有when-从句的主从句中，如果两个过去动作明显不是同时发生的，而且时间先后顺序十分清楚，那么，只须用一般过去时.这种用法，通常
16、还意味着两个动作联系密切,前一个动作导致了第二个动作：When he came back from India,he was made a member of Parliament.他从印度回来时，当选为议员.,One morning when they woke up,they saw a ship at anchor in the bay.有一天早晨，他们一觉醒来，就看见港湾里停泊着一艘轮船.When he opened the window,the bird flew out.他打开窗门，那只鸟就飞出去了.When the play ended,the audience went hom
17、e.戏一演完,观众就回家去了.,(2)如果两个过去的动作用一般过去时会造成同时发生的假象，或我们要强调二个动作的先后顺序，那么，就得用过去完成时来连接.试比较When she had sung she sat down.她唱完了歌,然后坐下.When she sang she sat down.她唱着歌坐下.,When he had seen all the pictures on show he said he was ready to write a commentary about them.他看完了所有的展出的图画，说道，他乐意为此写篇评论.When he saw the pictur
18、es on show he expressed amazement that one man should have painted so many.他看着展出的图画，表示惊讶：一个人竟会画出那么多的图画来！,(3)我们可以用when把两个或两个以上由过去完成时表示的动作连接起来,但是一般情况下，时间从句里的过去完成时可以改为一般过去时:He had been to school but he had learnt nothing there,so he was now illiterate.他上过学，可是在学校里什么也没学会，所以至今还是个文盲.When he had been at sch
19、ool he had learnt nothing,so he was now illiterate.When he was at school he had learnt nothing,so he was now illiterate.他在校念书时，什么也没学到，所以现在还是个文盲.,(4)表示认识等心理状态的动词，一般在时间从句中不能用过去完成时，应用一般过去时，但如果这类动词和表示时段的状语连用，在时间从句中也可以用过去完成时.试比较：When I knew the work of one department thoroughly I was moved to the next de
20、partment.我完全熟悉了一个部门的工作之后，就被调到下一个部门工作了.When I had known him for a year I invited him to tea.我和他认识一年后，就请他来喝茶了.,(5)在after-从句中，由于连词的词汇意义已经明确表示了时间的先后顺序，一般可以用一般过去时代替过去完成时,表示先于某一过去时间的动作,但是，正规的用法，仍得用过去完成时：After we had had tea,the discussion began.After we had tea,the discussion began.我们用过茶点之后，就开始讨论了.He stoo
21、d motionless after she disappeared.He stood motionless after she had disappeared.他站在那儿一动不动,直到她在眼前消失.,(6)在when-从句中，如果它所表示的动作比另一个动作(在主句中）短暂，通常要用一般过去时，但是，如果主句和从句是指同一对象，那么先发生的动作宜用过去完成时.试比较：When I had washed the cat,it ran off into the bushes.我给猫儿洗刷了一下之后，它就跑走了，钻进灌木丛中去了.When I put the cat out,it ran off into the bushes.我把猫儿放出去，它就跑走了，钻进了灌木丛中去了.When I had put the cat out,I locked the door and went to bed.我把猫放出去，锁上了门，就上床睡觉了.,如果我们谈的是人们对从句动作的直接而迅速的反应，即使主、从句中主语相同，也可以用一般过去时替代过去完成时。如：When she saw the mouse she screamed.她一看见那只老鼠，就大声尖叫起来.I got a real shock when I opened the box.我一打开那只盒子，委实大吃一惊.,
