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1、.过去分词的构成,（分词有现在分词和过去分词两种，作为谓语，现在分词和be一起构成进行时。过去分词和be一起构成被动语态，和have一起构成完成时。eg.I am reading a novel.Mr.White has drunk five glasses of wine already.The fish was killed by father.作为非谓语形式，分词可用作形容词和副词，在句中充当定语，表语，补语和状语。但它仍保持动词的一般特征，可以有自己的宾语和状语。分词和自己的宾语，状语构成分词短语）,规则动词的过去分词是在动词词尾加-ed,不规则动词的过去分词有不规则的变化，如know
2、-known,keep-kept,fall-fallen等,这些不规则的变化需要单独记忆.,.过去分词本身的含义,过去分词含有被动或完成的意思a broken heart 一颗破碎的心 a lost dog 丧家之犬 a risen sun 已升起的太阳,.过去分词作定语,（1）单个的过去分词作定语用时，通常放在所修饰的名词前；过去分短语作定语用时，通常放在所修饰的名词后。Polluted water 被污染的水 an organized trip 有组织的旅行death caused by the accident 由意外引起的死亡 a trip organized by the Leagu
3、e由联合会组织的旅行,a broken glass 被打破的玻璃杯,a glass broken by the boy被这个男孩打破的玻璃杯有些单个的过去分词，像left（剩余的），given（所给的），concerned（有关的），习惯上用作后置定语。如the people concerned，the book given等。,（2）过去分词作定语时相当于一个定语从句，其被动和完成的含义可以在从句中表现出来。,An organized trip is a trip which is organized by somebody or some organization.(被动)有组织的旅行就是
4、由某人后某机构组织的旅行。Fallen leaves are the leaves which have fallen on the ground.过去分词作定语，相当于一个定语从句，但它比定语从句更简洁。,the pencil given by Jim=the pencil which/that was given by Jim,分词短语作定语相当于定语从句，当我们把该分词短语转变为定语从句时该从句应该具备两个特征；从句中的主语和主句中的先行词一致；谓语动词为被动语态形式。,I followed him to collect a hovering carriage driven by com
5、puter.,=I followed him to collect a hovering carriage which was driven by computer.,Tomorrow you will be ready for some visits organized by the company.,=Tomorrow you will be ready for some visits which are organized by the company.,.过去分词作表语,过去分词作表语时总是用在联系动词之后，构成系表结构，表示主语所处的状态。She looked very disapp
6、ointed.她看上去很失望。We were encouraged at the news.听到这个消息，我们都很受鼓舞。这种系表结构和被动结构相同，但后者表示主语所承受的动作。比较；,The lake is badly polluted.（系表结构）这个湖受到了严重污染。,This lake is badly polluted by a paper mill.这个湖被一家造纸厂严重污染了。（被动结构）The book is well written.这本书写得很好。（系表结构，表示主语的特点或所处的状态）The book was written by Lu Xun.这本书是鲁迅写的。（被动结
7、构，表被动的动作）,5.过去分词作宾语补足语,动词的过去分词作宾语补足语时表明宾语是该动词的动作对象，动词与宾语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。现将需要用过去分词作宾语补足语的情况介绍如下：,（1）感官动词see,hear,notice,observe,watch,feel,及find之后可用过去分词作宾语补足语。,I saw an old man knocked down by a car just now.刚才我看到一位老人被车撞倒了。,We found her greatly changed.,我们发现她变化很大。,He felt his eyes dazzled by the bright l
8、ight.,他感到自己的眼睛受到了强光的刺激。,（2）表示意欲、命令的动词，如like,want,wish,order等，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。,You must tell us exactly what you would like done.你必须准确地告诉我们该做什么。,The father wants his daughter taught the piano.,这位父亲想让女儿学钢琴。I wish it done quickly.我希望很快将此事做完。,（3）使役动词 make,leave,keep 等后，可用过去分词作宾语补足语。,The news made me disapp
9、ointed.这个消息使我很失望。,He kept his eyes shut and stayed where he was.,他闭上眼睛，待在原来的地方。,Its better to leave some things unsaid.有些事情最好别说。,（4）掌握have/get+宾语+过去分词的几种含义,主语请别人做某事。He wants to have/get his eyes examined tomorrow.他明天想去检查眼睛。（检查的动作由医生来进行）,主语遭遇、遭受不愉快、不测的事情。,Be careful,or youll have/get your hands hurt.
10、当心，否则会弄伤手的。,（5）with+宾语+过去分词 结构中，过去分词用作介词with的宾语补足语,这一结构通常在句中作时间、方式、条件、原因等状语。,With water heated,we can see the steam.,水被加热时，我们能看到水蒸气,With the matter settled,we all went home.,事情得到解决，我们都回家了。注意：过去分词作宾语补足语与现在分词作宾语补足语的区别如下；一般说来，过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语是动作的承受者；现在分词作宾语补足语时，宾语是动作的执行者。,I found him lying on the grass j
11、ust now.我刚才发现他躺在草坪上。,I found him knocked down by a car.我看到他被车撞了。,6.过去分词作状语,过去分词作状语,该分词短语相当于一个状语从句;当我们把该分词短语转变为一个状语从句时,该从句应该具备两个特征;从句中的主语和主句中的主语必须一致;谓语动词为被动语态形式。,Worried about the journey,I was unsettled for the first few days.,=Because I was worried about the journey,I was unsettled for the first fe
12、w days.,Exhausted,I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.,=Because I was exhausted,I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.,过去分词可用来作时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况的状语。,表时间 Heated,the metal expands.这种金属加热后会膨胀。,Asked why he did it,he said it was his duty.当被问到为什么他做这事时，他说那是他的职责。,Born in the village,he knows a lot of peo
13、ple there.,因为出生在这个小村庄，他认识那得的很多人。,）表原因,）表条件United,we stand;divided,we fail.团结则存，分裂则亡。,Given more time,I can do it better.=If we were given more time,we can do it better.如果给与更多的时间,我能做的更好。,）表让步,Although exhausted after a long journey,he continued to work.,虽然长途旅行后很疲惫，他仍然继续工作。,）表方式或伴随情况The professor stoo
14、d there,surrounded by many students.教授站在那儿，被许多学生围着。,注意：过去分词无论作什么状语，其逻辑主语应是主句的主语。,Seen from the mountain，the building is very small.,=When it is seen from the mountain,the building is very small.,Seen from the mountain,we found the building is very small.(错误),Written carelessly,the letter had a serious mistake.,=Because it was written carelessly,the letter had a serious mistake.,Written carelessly,he made a serious mistake in the letter.,
