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1、第8讲 非谓语动词,非谓语动词是指在句子中不是作谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词（现在分词和过去分词），即动词的非谓语形式。非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的其它任何成分。,什么是非谓语动词？,非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点?,（1）如果是及物动词都可接宾语，例如：,The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit him very well.,They built a garden.They suggested building a garden.,（2）都可以被状语修饰，例如：,（3）都有主动与被动、“体”式（一般式；进行式
2、；完成式）的变化，例如：,2,Having written the composition,we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）,We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）,He avoided being punished by his parents.（动名词的被动式）,He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态）,（4）都可以有逻辑主语，例如：,2,We being League member,the work was well done.（现在分词的逻辑主语）,We are League m
3、embers.（谓语动词的主语）,The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）,They started the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）,非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点？,（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。,（4）谓语动词在句中作谓语，受主语的人称和数的限制；非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语，它不受主语的人称和数的限制。,（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中作状语。,（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词），在句中做定语、表语或
4、宾语补足语。,(一)动词不定式肯定式：（to）+do；动词不定式否定式：not+(to)do；动词不定式具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。,动词不定式的不同形式？,（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。例如：Im glad to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be don
5、e.,（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.,4,（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生 在谓语动词动作之前，例如：I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.,（1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means fa
6、ilure.,不定式的句法功能？,动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.常用句式有：1、It+be+名词+to do sth.2、It takes sb.+some time+to do sth.,3、It+be+形容词+of sb.+to do sth.常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,righ
7、t,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的形容词，不定式前的sb.作其逻辑主语。如：It is very kind of you to say so.,5,4、It+be+形容词+for sb.+to do sth.,例如：,Its impossible for me to finish the work in 10 minutes.,（2）作表语，例如：,5,Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.,（3）作宾语，例如：,5,常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want,hope,wish,offer
8、,fail,plan,learn,pretend,refuse,manage,help,agree,promise,prefer等；,He refused to do that job.She agreed to marry him.,如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.,注：动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing las
9、t Sunday but repair his bike.,5,动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.,（4）作宾语补足语：在复合宾语（宾语+宾补）中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want,wish,ask,tell,order,beg,permit,help,advise,persuade,allow,prepare,cause,force,call on,wait for,invite等等.,5,注：A.介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：With a lot of work
10、 to do,he didnt go to the cinema,5,B.一些使役动词make，let，have（表示“让、使”）和感官动词see，watch，look at，observe，notice，hear，listen to，feel（这些动词亦可总结为口诀：“三使五看两听一感觉”）等后接不带to的不定式作宾补，但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to,如：I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.,（5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：动宾关系：I have a meeting
11、to attend.,5,注意：A.不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it with?,5,B.但如果不定式修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.,C.如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者，不定 式可用主动式也可用被动式：Have
12、you got anything to send?Have you got anything to be sent?,第一句逻辑上是you send anything;第二句逻辑上是sb.send anything for you.,说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish the work.被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get here.,5,（6）作状语：,5,注意不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：wrong：To save money,every means has been tried.right：To
13、 save money,he has tried every means.wrong：To learn English well,a dictionary is needed.right：To learn English well,he needs a dictionary.,表目的,既可以放在句首(相当于in order to do)，也可以放在句尾(相当于in order to/so as to do)：He worked day and night to get more money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.,表结果(往往是与预期
14、愿望相反的结果;意料之外),常放在only/never后：He arrived late only to find the train had gone.I visited him only to find him out.After that day they were separated,never to see each other again.,5,表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer.,表原因,常放在形容词后面：They were very sad to hea
15、r the news.,（7）作独立成分(插入语)：To tell you the truth,I dont like the way he talked.,5,（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.,（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。If you dont want to do it,you dont need to.,动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。1.动名词的形式：,动名词的各种不同形式？,（2）完成式(having done):We remembered ha
16、ving seen the film.我们记得看过这部电影。,（3）一般被动式(being done):He came to the party without being invited 他未被邀请就来到了晚会。,（1）一般式(doing)：Seeing is believing.眼见为实。,（4）完成被动式(having been done)：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。,6,（6）复合结构：形容词性物主代词（或名词所有格）+doing He sugge
17、sted our trying it once again.他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。,（5）肯定式：V-ing；否定式：not+V-ing I regret not following his advice.我后悔没听他的劝告。,动名词的句法功能？,（2）作表语：In the ant city,the queens job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。,注：当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。Its no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的
18、。,（1）作主语：Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stamps is interesting.集邮很有趣。,7,注意：动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语it，例如：We found it no good making fun of others.我们发现取笑他人不好。,（3）作宾语：They havent finished building the dam.他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the air from being po
19、lluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染。,要记住以下动词及短语跟动名词不跟不定式作宾语：enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid（避免）,excuse,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit（承认），deny（否认）,mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk（冒险）,appreciate（感激）,be busy,be worth,feel like,cant stand,cant help（情不自禁地）,think of,dream of,be fond of,prevent(from),keep from,stop（fr
20、om）,protectfrom,set about,be engaged in,spend(in),succeed in,be used to（习惯于）,look forward to,object to,pay attention to,insist on等等。,7,7,（5）作同位语：The cave,his hiding-place is secret.那个山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。His habit,listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged 他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。,（4）作定语：He cant walk wi
21、thout a walking-stick.他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school?你们学校有游泳池吗？,现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。现在分词的肯定形式：v-ing；否定形式：not+现在分词,现在分词的各种不同形式？,（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式(doing)表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式(having done)表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：They went to the park,singing and talking.他们边唱边说向
22、公园走去。Having done his homework,he played basket-ball.做完作业，他开始打篮球。,（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式(being done)表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式(having been done)表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important.正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times,the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。,8
23、,（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语,放在名词后。In the following years he worked even harder.在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。,现在分词的句法功能?,注：现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed;the man speaking to th
24、e teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.,9,注：be+doing既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于be+doing表示进行的动作时是进行时，而表示状态特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成的系表结构。,（2）现在分词作表语：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.正在这家上演的电影很棒。The present situation is inspiring.当前的形势鼓舞人心。,（3）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语，表示“主动与正在持续进行”
25、：see,watch,hear,feel,find,get,keep,notice,observe,listen to,look at,leave,catch等。例如：,9,Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate.他让小汽车在门口等着。,（4）现在分词作状语：,9,作方式状语，表示伴随：He stayed at home,cleaning and washing.他呆在家里，又擦又洗。,作原因状语：Being a League membe
26、r,he is always helping others.由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。,作时间状语：(While)Working in the factory,he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。,作条件状语：(If)Playing all day,you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。,9,作让步状语：Though raining heavily,it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。,作目的状语：He went swimming t
27、he other day.几天前他去游泳了。,作结果状语：He dropped the glass,breaking it into pieces.他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。,与逻辑主语构成独立主格结构：I waiting for the bus,a bird fell on my head 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold out,they went away disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。Time permitting,well do another two exercises.如果时间允
28、许，我们将做另两个练习。,9,注：有时也可用with(without)+名词（代词宾格）+分词形式，例如：With the lights burning,he fell asleep.他点着灯睡着了。,作独立成分(插入语)：Judging from(by)his appearance,he must be an actor.从外表看，他一定是个演员。Generally speaking,girls are more careful.一般说来，女孩子更细心。,9,过去分词只有一般式的肯定式和否定式两种形式（done;not done）,规则动词的过去分词形式在动词原形后加词尾-ed构成（有四种加
29、法），不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的变化规则，有一些有一定的规律，有一些没什么规律，要一一记住。,10,过去分词的形式？,1过去分词作定语（与被修饰词之间为被动关系）：Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting.当选为委员的人将出席这次会议。注意：当单个过去分词作定语时，一般用于被修饰词前；如果是过去分词短语作定语，就放在被修饰词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。,过去分
30、词的句法功能？,11,11,注意：be+过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别：The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（被动）,2过去分词作表语：The window is broken.窗户破了。They were frightened at the sad sight.他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。,注意：有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如：boiled water（烧开过的水）fallen leaves（落叶）newly arrived goods（新到的
31、货）the risen sun（升起了的太阳）the changed world（变化了的世界）这类过去分词有：gone,come,fallen,risen,changed,arrived,returned,passed等。,11,3过去分词作宾语补足语：I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。,11,注：有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语，表示与宾语的关系为被动关系：With the work done,they went out to play.工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。,4过去分词作状语(与逻辑主语
32、之间为被动关系)：,11,Filled with hopes and fears,he entered the cave.心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。（表伴随）,Though told of the danger,he still risked his life to save the boy.虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）,Given more time,Ill be able to do it better.如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表条件）,Once seen,it can never be forgotten.一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（
33、表示时间）,Praised by the neighbours,he became the pride of his parents.受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表原因）,不 定 式 注 意 事 项,12,1 要分清“to”是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to 都是介词。agree to，object to，close to,come to,lead to,refer to,equal to,familiar to,point to,thanks to,devote to,next to,belong to,be used to,look forward to等等。,2 带to 还
34、是不带to I have no choice but to give in.I cannot do anything but give in.I saw him enter the classroom.（但是：He was seen to enter the classroom.）,3 动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的，但是有时用of，要注意两者的区别。例如：Its necessary for you to study hard.Its foolish of him to do it.与of 连用的形容词有：good,kind,nice,wise,clever,foolish,righ
35、t,wrong,careful,careless,polite 等等。,12,4后接不定式作宾语的动词有：want,hope,wish,need,agree,know,promise,teach,refuse,help,arrange,dare,decide,determine,fail,manage,offer,prepare,ask,choose,expect etc.,12,动词不定式作宾语，后面又带有宾语补足语时，要用it做形式宾语。例如：通常不说We think to obey the laws important.而说We think it important to obeythe
36、 laws.,5不定式的省略。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略to 后面的部分。want to,wish to,hope to,like to,hate to,plan to,try to,love to,have to,ought to,need to,used to,be able to,12,6不定式作定语，应注意他与被修饰词的两种关系：,12,1）动宾或介宾关系：He has a lot of meetings to attend.Please lend me a pen to write with.He is looking for a room to live in.He has
37、 no money and no place to live(in).I think the best way to travel(by)is on foot.There is no time to think(about).There is a letter to write.(to be written不常用),2）主谓关系：She is always the last(person)to speak at the meeting.,12,试比较：,12,-Im going to the post office,for I have a letter to post.(逻辑主语是I)-Li
38、 Ming,Im going to the post office.I know you have an important letter to post.Let me post it for you.-Thank you.But I have no letters to be posted now.(逻辑主语不是I),7不定式作状语，可以有以下几种意义：1）原因 He is lucky to get here on time.这种结构中常用的形容词有：happy,glad,delighted,pleased,sorry,eager,anxious,lucky,fortunate,proud,
39、angry surprised,frightened,disappointed,ready,clever,foolish,worthy等等。,12,2)目的 He came to help me with my maths.,12,3)结果 I hurried to get there only to find him out.The book is too hard for the boy to read.He is old enough to go to school.,8.不定式作补足语 I saw him play in the street just now.能跟不带to 的不定式作
40、宾语补足语的动词有：see,feel,hear,listen to,look at,watch,let,have，make,observe,notice 注:当这些词为被动式时，不定式要带to,如：He was seen to play in the street just now.,12,1Theres no telling what will happen.不知道=Its impossible to tell what will happen.=No one can tell what will happen.2Its no use/useless talking with him.Its
41、 no good speaking to them like that.3Theres some difficulty(in)doing 在此句型中,difficulty 可以由以下单词替换:trouble,problem,fun,pleasure，（a）good time,（a）hard time等等。,13,动 名 词 注 意 事 项,4.特别注意以下几个问题：1).下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义不同：forget to do 忘记要做某事 forget doing 忘记做过了某事 remember to do记住要做某事 remember doing 记着曾做过某事 mean t
42、o do 打算要/有意做某事 mean doing 意味着做了某事 regret to do（do指代有限的几个词，如say、tell）很抱歉要告诉你 regret doing 后悔曾做过某事,13,cant help to do不能帮助做某事 cant help doing 情不自禁做某事 try to do 尽力去做某事 try doing 试着做某事 learn to do 学着去做某事 learn doing 学会做某事 stop to do 停下来去做（另一件事）stop doing 停止做某事 go on to do 接着做（另外一件事）go on doing 继续做原来在做的事
43、be used to do 被用于做 used to do 过去常常做某事 be used to doing 习惯做某事,13,2).动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别:动名词作定语,表达用途：n.+for doing 的含义 现在分词作定语,表达逻辑主谓关系:n.+which/who be doing的含义 如：a sleeping car=a car for sleeping a running horse=a horse which is running 前者是动名词，后者是现在分词 又如：drinking water,walking stick，running water,slee
44、ping boy,13,3)动名词的逻辑主语：动名词的逻辑主语一般为形容词性物主代词或名词的所有格形式，但如果不是位于句首作主语，也常常用人称代词的宾格形式或用名词的普通格形式。例如：His coming made us very happy.4)动名词的各种不同形式:肯定式：doing；否定式：not doing；一般式：doing;完成式：having done;一般被动式：being done;完成被动式：having been done;复合结构：逻辑主语+doing,13,5)动名词主动形式表被动含义的情况：need doing,want doing,require doing，be
45、 worth doing 例如：This room needs painting.这个房间需要粉刷。,13,6)只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：enjoy,finish,suggest,avoid（避免）,advise,excuse,escape,delay,imagine,keep,miss,consider,admit（承认），deny（否认）,mind,permit,forbid,practise,risk（冒险）,appreciate（感激）,be busy,be worth,cant stand,cant help（情不自禁地）,think of,dream of,be fond of,f
46、ancy,prevent(from),keep from,stop（from）,protectfrom,set about,be engaged in,spend(in),succeed in,be used to(习惯于),look forward to,object to,pay attention to,insist on,feel like,complete,take to（喜欢；走向；开始从事）,get down to,set about,give up,include 等等。,13,1.The story is interesting.Im interested in it.这个故
47、事有兴趣，我对这个故事感兴趣。2.This is a moving film.Im moved by it.这是一部动人的电影,我被它感动了。3.The secretary worked late into the night,preparing a long speech for the president.秘书工作到深夜，为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。4.Given more time,Ill do it better.如果给我多一点时间，我会做的更好。5.When he passed the back of the street,he saw the thief stealing some
48、money from the bank.当他经过后街时，看到小偷正从银行偷钱。,14,分 词 注 意 事 项,关注和分析下列句子中的分词：,应特别注意的几个问题：1现在分词与过去分词的区别1).作定语、状语或宾补时，现在分词表示主动或正在进行；过去分词表示被动或已完成。如：Do you know the woman talking to Tom?=Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom?The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.=The soldier who was wounded i
49、n the war has become a doctor.China is a developing country while America is a developed country.,14,14,Praised by the neighbours,he became the pride of his parents.受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表原因）,(While)Working in the factory,he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。,I heard the song sung several times la
50、st week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。,Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？,2）现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：比较：The news sounds exciting.They got very excited about it.The news is interesting.He is interested in the news.doing 作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系,表示主语“令人”；done 作表语，主语与表语是动宾关系,表示主语“自己”。类似的有：surprising/surpris
