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1、语法专项-非谓语动词,一、动词不定式（一）构成：1.肯定形式：to+v 2.否定形式：not to+v(二）句法功能：1.主语：eg:(1)To speak English is not easy for us.=It is not easy for us _ _ English.(2)It is necessary for them to practice more.=_ _ _ is necessary for them.不定式充当主语时，常常用it代（放到句首），而把真正的不定式放在后面。2.表语：eg:(3)My work is to clean the room every day.
2、=To clean the room every day is my work.(4)Your duty is to collect information.多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换为作主语。,to,speak,To,practice,more,3.宾语：eg:(5)He likes to play basketball.(6)I want to go fishing with you on weekends.动词不定式只能作某些及物动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。want,refuse,wish,need,choose,hope,agree,try,begin,offer,would
3、 like to等动词后只能跟不定式作宾语。4.宾补：eg:(7)She asked me not to speak Chinese in an English class.(8)I heard her cry in the next room just now.在make,let,have,see,hear,watch等使役动词、感官动词后，不定式省略to。但在变为被动句时应加上to。tell,ask,want,allow,get,would,encourage后常跟不定式作宾补。5.定语：eg:(9)Have you anything to say?(10)I need a room to
4、 live in.,不定式作定语，位于中心词之后；若作定语的不定式为不及物动词，且与中心词之间有动宾关系，要在该动词后加上适当的介词（如例10）。6.状语：eg:(11)Im sorry to trouble you.（表原因）(12)I went there to study English.（表目的）不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。（三）常见的一些与不带to的不定式连用的词组、句型：1.Why not+do?2.had better(not)do 3.would rather do 4.Could/Would/Will you please(not)do?（四）特殊疑问词+不定
5、式 不定式可以和疑问代词(who,whom,whose what,which,)、疑问副词(when,where,how,why)连用构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。,eg:(13)Please tell me what to do next.(14)I didnt know where to go.二、动名词（一）构成：v+-ing(二）句法功能：1.主语：eg:(15)Feeding animals is my job.=My job is feeding animals.(16)Eating too much is bad for your health.2.宾语：（1）
6、动词的宾语：（17）He likes dancing/singing.(2)介词的宾语：(18)Cookers are used for cooking.(19)Jim is good at painting.常见的带动名词作宾语的动词：finish,enjoy,mind,practice,have fun,have trouble/problem,spend,feel like,have a hard time,be used to,cant stand/help,3.表语：eg:(20)His hobby is collecting stamps.=Collecting stamps is
7、 his hobby.多数情况下，动名词作表语可转换成作主语。4.定语：eg:(21)She is in the reading room.(22)We should improve our teaching methods.动名词作定语只表明它所修饰的词的用途、所属关系等。三、分词（一）构成：1.现在分词：v+-ing 2.过去分词：v+-ed(二）句法功能：1.定语：eg:(23)Do you know the girl standing under the tree?(24)Please hand in your written exercises.分词作定语，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的词
8、。,2.状语：eg:(25)The students went out of the classroom,talking and laughing.分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。3.表语：eg:(26)The boy is too frightened to move.现在分词表示主语的性质、特征；过去分词表示某种状态。4.补足语：eg:(27)Dont keep us waiting for a long time.(28)I heard her singing in the classroom.(29)Hell have his hair cut after school.现在分词作补足语
9、，被补足的宾语或主语是它的逻辑主语（即主动关系）；过去分词作补足语，被补足的宾语或主语是它的逻辑宾语（即被动关系）。,（三）现在分词与过去分词的区别 1.在语态上，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。eg:the surprising news 令人惊讶的电影 a surprised man 一个受惊吓的人 a moving film 一场感人的电影 the moved people 被感动的人们 2.在时间上，现在分词表示动作正在进行，过去分词表示动作 已经结束。eg:the developing country 发展中国家 the developed country 发达国家 the ri
10、sing sun 正在升起的太阳 the risen sun 升起来的太阳（四）have sb.do sth./have sb.doing sth./have sth.done 1.have sb.do sth.“让某人做某事”have可用let,make代替.不定式往往表示一次性的具体动作，且强调动作已经完成或 尚未发生。,eg:(30)The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father.士兵们让这个男孩背对着他的父亲站着。2.have sb.doing sth.“让某人/某物做某事”，可用keep代 替，现在分词(doing
11、)表示的这个动作往往具有持续、进行的 意思。eg:(31)The two men had their lights burning all night long.那两个人让灯通宵亮着。3.have sth.done“让某人做某事”，即 ask sb.else to do sth.过去分词(done)表示的这个动作由他人（即非主语本身）来完成，含有被动意义且强调动作已经完成。eg:(32)The driver had his car washed once a week.那位司机每周叫人洗一次车。(33)I had my bike repaired yesterday.昨天我叫人把自行车修了。,
12、四、某些动词或词组后接动名词或不定式的区别 stop to do sth.停下来去做某事 stop doing sth.停止做某事 eg:(34)Stop talking,please.(35)Stop to think about it for a moment.remember/forget to do sth.记住/忘了要做某事 remember/forget doing sth.记得/忘了做过某事 eg:(36)I remember posting your letter.(37)Please remember to post my letter.(38)I forgot to bri
13、ng my homework.(39)I forgot bringing my homework.try to do sth.努力去做某事 try doing sth.试着去做某事 eg:(40)He tried speaking English to us.(41)Please try to do better next time.,go on to do sth.做完一件事，接着去做另一件事 go on doing sth.继续不停地做某事 eg:(42)Go on to do the other exercise after you finish this one.(43)Go on d
14、oing the exercise after a short rest.allow doing sth.允许做某事 allow sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事 eg:(44)We dont allow smoking here.(45)We dont allow students to go out on weekdays.Exercises 1.If you feel tired,you may stop _.A.have a rest B.to have a rest C.having a rest 2.Were in class.Youd better not _.A.tal
15、k B.talking C.talked D.to talk,B,A,3.We are going for a picnic tomorrow.Ill call Wendy to make sure _.A.why to start B.when to start C.what to start D.which to start 4.Some children are arguing what TV programs_.A.watching B.for watching C.to watch D.will watch 5.I often see my teacher,Mr Zhao,_ books in his office.A.reads B.to read C.is read D.read 6.Shopping with me?-Sorry,I have a lot of clothes _.A.to wash B.washed C.wash D.washing 7.Who was the first one _?A.to reach B.to arrive C.to get to D.to arrive at,B,C,D,A,B,
