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1、Grammar 非谓语动词 非谓语动词功能比较 to do的复合结构-ing form的复合结构 非谓语动词的否定式-ing form 与 pp 的区别,1.谓语动词与非谓语动词：,在句子中担任谓语的动词，叫做谓语动词；在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等的动词，叫做非谓语动词。,We should serve the people heart and soul.I am reading a novel.,She found English hard to learn.Seeing is believing.,The results obtained are quite satisfac
2、tory.Please stop speaking.,（谓语）,（谓语）,（状语）,（主语和表语）,（定语）,（宾语）,2.非谓语动词的分类,不定式(infinitive),分词（participle）,动名词（gerund）,3.非谓语动词的特点,1)不能单独做谓语，但可和助动词或情态动词 组成谓语。,You ought to have been here yesterday.,2)具有动词的特征，可以有自己的宾语或状语。,The Party called on us to serve the people.,3)连系动词的非谓语动词形式后还可以带表语。,The students ran o
3、ut of the classroom,laughing merrily.,To be frank,your plan is not practicable.,非谓语动词功能比较,Playing with fire is dangerous.Look out！To play with fire is dangerous.,主语,to do 表示具体的动作，-ing form 表示泛指的动作。,2.不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用 it 作形式主语。,It is right to give up smoking.,It made me very happy to hear her tal
4、k about it.,Itbe名词to do Its our duty to take good care of the old.It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work?Itbe形容词for sbto do It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.Itbe形容词of sbto do It is stupid of you to write down everything
5、 the teacher says.It seems(appears)形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money.,（for 引出动作发出者）,It is+adj+for sb to do sth,It is easy for me to finish this work before ten.It is a great honor for us to be present at your birthday party.,kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,foolish,cruel,careless,stupid,n
6、aughty,polite,impolite,silly,wrong,brave,honest,noble，right,rude等,It is very kind of you to give me some help.Its impolite of you to speak to the teacher like that.,注意：常用在 of 句型中的 adj 有：,You are very kind to give me some help.,You are impolite to speak to the teacher like that.,主语,（of 引出 adj 修饰的对象）,
7、It is+adj+of sb to do sth,3.“there is no+doing”句型动名词后常带宾语，相当于Its impossible to结构。Theres no saying what hell be doing next.Theres no telling what hes going to do.4.Its+no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing Its no good reading in dim(昏暗的）light.Its no use sitting here waiting.不定式作主语经常表示具
8、体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。Its no good eating too much fat.Its no good for you to eat so much fat.,The officers narrowly escaped _ in the hot battle.(kill)Dont you remember_ the man before?(see)“Have you decided when _?”“Yes,tomorrow morning.”(leave)She pretended _ me when
9、 I passed by.(not see),宾语,to leave,being killed,not to see,seeing,考点一:demand,want,expect,promise,determine,refuse,offer,fail,manage,learn,agree,seem,hope,decide,prepare,pretend,wish,start,afford 等+to do,宾语,注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用 it 作 形式宾语。,I find/feel it interesting to work wit
10、h him,find/think/feel/make/consider it+adj/n+to do sth.,My teacher made it a rule only to speak English in class.,考点二:admit，appreciate，avoid，consider,delay,deny,enjoy，escape,excuse，face，fancy(设想),feel like，finish，forgive，give up,imagine，include，keep，mention，mind，miss，pardon,practise，put off，resist,r
11、isk，suggest，cant help，cant stand(无法忍受)等+doing,宾语,考点三：forget，remember，regret，go on，like，mean，stop，try 等动词可带动名词或不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。I remember doing the exercise.I must remember to do it.I mean to come early today.Missing the train means waiting for another hour,我记得做过练习,我必须记得去做这事,我打算今早些来,误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时,宾语
12、,regret to say/tell/inform,考点四：allow，advise，forbid，permit+doing allow，advise，forbid，permit+sb to do be allowed/advised/forbidden/permitted+to do We dont allow _here.We don t allow students_.Students are not allow _.,smoking,to smoke,宾语,to smoke,考点五：在短语 devote to，look forward to，stick to,be used to，o
13、bject to，get down to,be(kept)busy，be worth,have difficulty trouble problem(in)，have a good wonderful hard time(in)+doing如：I look forward to _from you soon.,hearing,宾语,考点六:动词 need,require,want 作“需要”解，+doing to be done The window requires _._.,cleaning,to be cleaned,1.The story was _,we were all _.(mo
14、ve)2.There is a _ expression on his face.Maybe the problem is too difficult for him.(puzzle)3.With his son too_,the father was sad.(dispoint),定语和表语,disappointing,puzzled,moving,moved,作表语时或定语时，-ing form 与 pp 的区别,-ing form表示“令人”,pp表示“感到”，,interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的 exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的del
15、ighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的 disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的 satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的 worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的,eg.He attends the meeting being held in the room now.He attend
16、ed the meeting held yesterday.He will attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.,2.表示被修饰词的内容时，用to do.,eg.She has a strong wish to go to college.the way/chance/ability/right/willingness to do,1.从时态上看，-ing form 表示正在进行的动作,pp表示已经完成的动作,to do表示将来的动作。,定语,注意：不定式动词在介词but，except，besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那
17、么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。,She could do nothing but cry,What do you like to do besides swim?,I have no choice but to go,定语,动名词作定语 singing competition swimming pool dining car opening speech drinking cup living room typing paper waiting room writing desk washing machine frying-pan sleeping-pill walking
18、stick teaching method注：动名词作定语表示被修饰名词的用途,定语,I found him _the money.(steal)I found the money _.When he came to himself,he found himself _by an old lady.(look after)I often hear Mary _this English song.,-ing form与宾语为主动关系，强调动作正在进行；pp与宾语为被动关系，强调动作已经完成；(to)do只单纯表示一个事实，强调动作的全过程。,补足语,stealing,stolen,being l
19、ooked after,sing,注意2：在 feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch，have，1et，make 等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但是这些句中如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。,注意1：ask,advise,allow,permit,get,beg,cause,command,order,force,oblige,encourage,instruct,remind,warn,want,wish,expect,prefer,would like,call on,depend on,ask for,wait for
20、,help+sb to do,I often hear him sing the song,He is often heard to sing the song,补足语,-ing form 与 pp 作状语现在分词(短语)与过去分词(短语)作状语,表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况 等。,Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagain andagaintous.United,we stand;divided,we fall.(=When/If we are united)Seen from the hill,the park looks very bea
21、utiful.Climbing tothetopofthetower,wesawamagnificentview.,(1)表示时间,(2)表示原因 Beingsick,Istayedathome.Shecaughtcoldsittingonthegrass.(3)表示条件Adoptingthismethod,wewillraisethe averageyield（产量）by40percent.Even if invited,I wont go.(4)表示让步Admittingwhatshehassaid,Istillthinkthatshehasnttriedher best.,(5)表示结果
22、Itrainedheavily,causingsevereflooding inthatcountry.Itrainedfortwoweeksonend,completelyruiningourholiday.(6)表示方式或伴随情况Heranuptoherbreathingheavily.Pleasefillintheform,givingyourname,addressSurrounded by a group of pupils,the old teacher walked into the room.,作状语时的区别：,They worked hard to pay for the n
23、ecklace.I went to see him only to find him out.I am glad to see you.,to do 表示 1.目的;2.结果表示出人预料的情况或结 果。常用only强调。3.原因表示造成情感变化的原因。,目的,结果,原因,状语,-ing/pp 表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随情况等等,In order to pass the exam，he worked very hard,We ran all the way so as not to be late,2.在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。,I am very glad to hear it.Th
24、e question is difficult to answer,3.too+adj/adv+to do 作状语,He is too old to do that,4.enough+adj/adv+to do 作状语,The room is big enough to hold us,1.目的状语:in order to 或 so as to,to do 作状语的其它几种情况:,5.so/such as to do 表结果,He was so angry as to be unable to speak.I am not such a fool as to believe you.,分词的时
25、态和语态：与主语动词同时，应用现在分词。分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用 having done。The secretary worked late into the night,_a long speech for the president.(prepare)_ a reply,he decided to write again.(receive)_in the university for 3 years,he knows the way very well_by the teacher，Li Ming gave up smoking,Having studied,
26、preparing,Not having received,Having been criticized,分词作插入语 其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。generally speaking一般说来talking of(speaking of)说道 strictly speaking 严格的说judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看taking all things into consideration全面看来 given/considering 考虑到 supposing,provided,providing 假若 例如：Given
27、 his age,he did very well.Supposing she doesnt come,what shall we do?,动词不定式作插入语表明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分。to behonest/frank/fair/；totellyou thetruth;tobegin/start with；tocut/make alongstoryshort;toget(back)tothepoint；tomakethings/matters worse;toputitanotherway；not to speak of eg.Tobehonest,Ihaveneverhear
28、dofWinstonChurchill.He knows English and French,not to speak of German.,非谓语动词的否定形式,not+to do/-ing form,He decided not to do it.She wished never to see him again.,Not seeing John,I asked where he was.Not having done it right,I tried again.His not coming made me a little angry.,ing form的复合结构,1.形容词性物主代
29、词/名词所有格+ing form Toms coming his coming2.代词宾格/名词+ing form Tom coming him coming,主语表语宾语,宾语补足语,_the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.A.The president will attend B.The president to attend C.The president attended D.The presidents attending,1.Do you mind opening the door?2.Going t
30、here saved us a good deal of trouble.3.Being late again made the teacher angry.,Do you mind me/my opening,Toms going there saved us a good,His being late again made,说出-ing form 动作的执行者时，须用复合结构,独立主格结构（所谓独立主格结构，分词的逻辑主语不是句子主语，而是有自己的逻辑主语时，叫独立主格结构。）A)1.Today _(be)Sunday,the library doesnt open.2.There _(b
31、e)no buses,we had to walk home.,3.The signal _(give),the bus started.4.Weather _(permit),well visit the Great Wall.5.A teacher from England _(teach)us English,were sure to learn it well.6.With him _(give)us a lead,our team is to win.7.With the worker _(lead),the Young Pioneers went through the fores
32、t and started towards the mountain village.,8.Many people spoke aloud in front of our classroom,with nobody _(stop)them.9.He was looking at the screen again,with the machine _(turn)on.10.The girl felt uneasy with the whole class _(stare)at her.11.With the machinery _(do)all the work,we finished the
33、task last month.12.She lay on the grass with her eyes _(close).13.You might catch a cold with your feet _(expose).,解答语法填空时，首先分析句子结构，若句子已有谓语动词且不是并谓语时，所给动词必定用非谓语动词；然后分析该非谓语动词在句中作什么句子成分，初定作该成分的应是哪一种或几种非谓语动词形式；最后再根据非谓语动词各自的特点和用法，同时看谓语动词有没有特别的要求，再结合与逻辑主语的关系，确定该填哪种形式。,解题技巧,另外，在确定用-ing形式还是用-ed形式，用to do还是用t
34、o be done时，都是由该非谓语动词与逻辑主语是主动关系还是被动关系来确定的。那么，如何找出非谓语动词的逻辑主语？这与非谓语动词在句中作何种成分有关，详见下表：,例1the proverb,“plucking up a crop 32(help)it grow”,is based on the following story.(2008年广东),实例剖析,分析：因句中已有谓语is based，而“plucking up a crop 32(help)it grow”是the proverb的同位语，是一个名词短语而非同位语从句，因此，help应是非谓语动词；“帮助禾苗长”是“将禾苗拨起来”
35、的目的，作目的状语，用动词不定式，故填to help。,例2While she was getting me _34_(settle)into a tiny but clean room(2007年广东),分析：因句中已有谓语was getting，所以settle应是非谓语动词；又由settle sb.into/in/on(使某人舒服地处于某处)可知，me与settle是被动关系，要用过去分词用宾补，故填settled。,考点击破,一、单句填空：用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。1._(walk)is a good form of exercise for both young and old
36、.(全国)2.Eugenes never willing to alter any of his opinions.Its no use _(argue)with him.(上海)3.Please remain _(seat);the winner of the prize will be announced soon.(辽宁)4.Can I smoke here?Sorry.We dont allow _(smoke)here.(江苏),Walking,arguing,seated,smoking,5.It is difficult to imagine his _(accept)the d
37、ecision without any consideration.(陕西)6.I cant stand _(work)with Jane in the same office.She just refuses _(stop)talking while she works.(北京)7.As a result of the serious flood,two-thirds of the buildings in the area need _(repair).(陕西)8.Susan wanted to be independent of her parents.She tried _(live)
38、alone,but she didnt like it and moved back home.(湖南),accepting,to stop,working,to be repaired,living,9.Robert is indeed a wise man.Oh,yes.How often I have regretted _(not take)his advice!(安徽)10.If you think that treating a woman well means always _(get)her permission for things,think again.(湖南)11.At
39、 the beginning of class,the noise of desks _(open and close)could be heard outside the classroom.(全国)12.They are quiet,arent they?Yes.They are accustomed to _(not talk)at meals.(江苏),not taking,getting,being opened and closed,not talking,13.Isnt it time you got down to _(mark)the papers?(重庆)14.Mr.Ree
40、d made up his mind to devote all he had to _(set)up some schools for poor children.(上海)15.She looks forward every spring to _(walk)in the flower-lined garden.(上海)16.Having been ill in bed for nearly a month,he had a hard time _(pass)the exam.(福建),marking,setting,walking,passing,17.According to a rec
41、ent U.S.survey,children spend up to 25 hours a week _(watch)TV.(上海)18.I believe thats the best way to prevent such a thing from _(happen)again.(全国)19.Did you have trouble in_(find)the post office?(全国)20.Sandy could do nothing but _(admit)to his teacher that he was wrong.(上海),watching,happening,findi
42、ng,admit,21.I smell something _(burn)in the kitchen.Can I call you back in a minute?(全国)22.Dont leave the water _(run)while you brush your teeth.(天津)23.It was so cold that they kept the fire _(burn)all night.(全国)24.The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _(carry)out the next year
43、.(全国),burning,running,burning,carried,25.To learn English well,we should find opportunities to hear English _(speak)as much as we can.(江苏)26.He is very popular among his students as he always tries to make them _(interest)in his lectures.(江苏)27.Energy drinks are not allowed _(make)in Australia but a
44、re brought in from New Zealand.(上海)28.My advisor encouraged me _(take)a summer course to improve my writing skills.(北京),spoken,interested,to be made,to take,29.My parents have always made me _(feel)good about myself,even when I was twelve.(江苏)30.They knew her very well.They had seen her _(grow)up fr
45、om childhood.(全国)31.The mother felt herself _(grow)cold and her hands trembled as she read the letter from the battlefield.(上海)32.Paul doesnt have to be made _(learn).He always works hard.(全国),feel,grow,grow,to learn,33.Come on,please give me some ideas about the project.Sorry.With so much work _(fi
46、ll)my mind,I almost break down.(福建)34.John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work _(finish),he gladly accepted it.(安徽)35.With a lot of difficult problems _(settle),the newly-elected president is having a hard time.(上海)36.The director had her assistant _(pick)up some hot dogs for the meet
47、ing.(全国),filling,finished,to settle,pick,37.Did Peter fix the computer himself?He had it _(fix),because he doesnt know much about computers.(安徽)38.Jenny hopes that Mr.Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English _(improve)in a short period.(福建)39.Helen had to shout to make herself _(hea
48、r)above the sound of the music.(广西)40.Peter received a letter just now _(say)his grandma would come to see him soon.(四川),fixed,improved,heard,saying,41.As the light turned green,I stood for a moment,not _(move),and asked myself what I was going to do.(湖南)42._(walk)in the fields on a March afternoon,
49、he could feel the warmth of spring.(安徽)43._(wait)in the queue for half an hour,the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.(福建)44._(blame)for the breakdown of the school computer network,Alice was in low spirits.(福建),moving,Walking,Having waited,Blamed,45.He hurried to the bookin
50、g office only _(tell)that all the tickets had been sold out.(陕西)46.European football is played in 80 countries,_(make)it the most popular sport in the world.(全国)47.You were silly not _(lock)your car.(湖南)48.I like getting up very early in summer.The morning air is so good _(breathe).(宁夏),to be told,m
