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1、Infinitive&Gerund,Section I不定式,Step I 读下面一篇短文，找出并比较不定式的用法,At a village fair,I decided to visit a fortune-teller called Madam Bellinsky.I went into her tent and she told me to sit down.After I had given her some money,she looked into a crystal ball and said:A relation of yours is coming to see you.Sh
2、e will be arriving this evening and intends to stay for a few days.The moment you leave this tent,you will get a big surprise.A woman you know well will rush towards you.She will speak to you and then she will lead you away from this place.That is all.,Q1.How many infinitives are used in the story?,
3、Q2.Whats the function of the following infinitives?,宾语,宾补,状语,宾语,Q3.What s the structure of the infinitive?How many functions does it have?,to do,to be done,to have done,to have been done,StepII 不定式的结构与句法功能,Its so nice to hear your voice.,I like to keep everything tidy.,His dream is to be a doctor.,H
4、e made some candles to give light.,I come here only to say good-bye to you.,1)We all believe him to be guilty.2)The book is believed to be uninteresting.,宾补,主补,eg.Its easy(for me)_(do)that.Its so nice _(hear)your voice Its necessary for you _(lock)the car when you do not use it.,1.在以 easy,difficult,
5、hard,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough等客观形式的形容词作表语的it is to句型时，主语往往是不定式。,eg.It was silly of us _(believe)him.It seemed selfish of him not _(give)them anything.,2.在以 kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoug
6、htful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的),silly,selfish(自私的)等主观感情的形容词作表语的it is to句型时，主语往往是不定式。,不定式的句法功能：作主语,Its for sb.和 Its of sb.for sb.常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,impossible等：Its very hard for him to study two languages.对他来说学两门外语是很难的。of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形
7、容词，如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right。Its very nice of you to help me.你来帮助我，你真是太好了。for 与of 的辨别方法：句型是否成立的验证方法：用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。),当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，能否再用It is to的句型?判断正误：To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。It is to b
8、elieve to see.,eg.I have a lot of work_(do).So he made some candles _(give)light.,eg.My work is _(clean)the room every day.His dream is _(be)a doctor.,不定式做定语时，表示具体的或一次性或将发生的动作，通常要放在被修饰的词后。,不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。,不定式的句法功能：作定语,不定式的句法功能：作表语,eg.The driver failed _(see)the other car in time.I happen _(know)t
9、he answer to your question.,eg.I like _(keep)everything tidy.I like you _(keep)everything tidy.I want _(speak)to Tom.I want you _(speak)to Tom.,不定式的句法功能：作宾语,eg.Please show us how _(do)that.There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which _(buy).The question is how_
10、(put)it into practice.,“动词+不定式”,英语中适用于这种结构的动词有：afford,aim,appear,agree,arrange,ask,be,decide,bother,care,choose,come,dare,demand,desire,determine,expect,elect,endeavor,hope,fail,happen,help,hesitate,learn,long,mean,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,seem,tend,wait,wish,undertake,“动词+不定
11、式”/“动词+宾语+不定式”，英语中适用于这种结构的动词有：ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,help，intend，like,love,need，prefer,prepare,promise,want,wish等,“动词+疑问词+to”，英语中适用于这种结构的动词有：decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作主语时，谓语动词用单数。,目的状语。不定式常用于由下面这些词引出的结构中：to only
12、to(仅仅为了),in order to,so as to,so(such)as to(如此以便),eg.He ran so fast as_(catch)the first bus.I come here only _(say)good-bye to you.,不定式的句法功能：作状语,eg.What I have said is_(make)you angry.He searched the room only _(find)nothing.,eg.Im glad _(see)you.,作结果状语，表示事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。,表原因,“动词+宾语+不定式(to do)”。英语中
13、适用于这种结构的动词有：advise allow appoint believe cause challengecommand compelconsider declare driveenableencourage find forbid forceguess hireimagineimpelinduce informinstructinvite judge know likeorder permitpersuade remind reportrequest requireselectsend state suppose tell think traintrust understandurge
14、 warn,eg.Father will not allow us _(play)on the street.We all believe him _(be)guilty.,不定式的句法功能：作宾补,eg.We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。,不定式的句法功能：作主补,“to+be 的不定式结构”，作补语的动词。英语中适用于这种结构的动词有：believe,consider,think,declare(声称),discover,fancy(设想),feel find,guess
15、,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(理解),show,suppose,take(以为),understand,eg.The book is believed _(be)uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。,“to be+形容词”，英语中适用于这种结构的动词有：seem,appear,be said,be supposed,be believed,be thought,be known,be reported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,mean,Step III 不定式的用法特征,eg.1.I saw him _
16、(dance).2.The boss made them _(work)the whole night.,省略to的动词不定式,=He was seen to dance.,=They were made to work the whole night.,dance,work,eg.3.-I usually go there by train.-Why not _ by boat for a change?A.to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going 4.Paul doesnt have to be made _.He al
17、ways works hard.A.learn B.to learn C.learned D.learning,D,B,用于使役动词 let,have,make后作宾补时，省略to。感官动词 see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find 等后作宾补，省略to。注意：当上述动词用于被动语态中则to 不能省掉。would rather，had better;Why/why not;but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式。比较：He wants to do nothing bu
18、t go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.由and,or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to 可以省去：eg.He wants to move to France and marry the girl.,不定式的否定形式,eg.1)Tell him _ the window.A.to shut not B.not to shutC.to not shut D.not shut2)She pretended _ me when I passed by.A.not to seeB.not seeing C.to
19、not see D.having not seen 3)Mrs.Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A.never to drive B.to never driver C.never driving D.never drive4)The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _.A.not toB.not to doC.not do it D.do not to 5)The patient was warned _ oily food afte
20、r the operation.A.to eat no B.eating not C.not to eat D.not eating,答案：B。tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为tell sb not to do sth.,答案：A。pretend 后应接不定式。其否定形式为pretend not to do sth.。,答案：A。warn sb to do sth.的否定形式为warn sb not to do sth.此处用的是否定词never.,答案：A。not to 为not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词do后应有名
21、词、代词等，否则不对，因此B，D不对。,答案：C。warn一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。,不定式特殊句型 Why not,Why not+动词原形表达向某人提出建议，翻译为：为什么不?干吗不?例如：eg.Why not take a holiday?干吗不去度假?,不定式特殊句型 tooto,1)tooto 太以至于eg.He is too excited to speak.他太激动了，说不出话来。-Can I help you?需要我帮忙吗?-Well,Im afraid the box is too heavy for you t
22、o carry it,but thank you all the same.不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。2)如在too前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定，too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意 为“不太”。eg.Its never too late to mend.(谚语)改过不嫌晚。3)当too 前面有only,all,but时，意思是：非常 等于very。eg.Im only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高兴能帮助你。He was but too eager to get home.他非常想回家。,不定式特殊句型 so as
23、to/in order to,1）表示目的；它的否定式是so as not to do/in order not to。eg.Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。2)so kind as to-劳驾eg.Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?劳驾，现在几点了。,Fill in the blanks with for o
24、r of:1)Its easy _ me to do that.2)Its necessary _ you to lock the car when you do not use it.3)It was silly _ us to believe him.4)It seemed selfish _ him not to give them anything.5)Its very hard _ him to study two languages.6)Its very nice _ you to help me.,不定式特殊句型：Its+adj.+for sb./of sb.+to do,“It
25、s+adj.+for sb.+to do”句型常用于表示事物的特征特点，常用于这一句型的形容词一般表示客观形式，如easy,hard,difficult,interesting,important,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;the first,the next,the last,the best,too much,too little,not enough等。,for,for,of,of,for,of,“Its+adj.+of sb.+to do”句型一般用以表示人物的性格，品德，常用于这一句型的形容词一般表示主观感情或态
26、度，如good,kind,nice,clever,foolish,right,stupid,silly,selfish,rude,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考虑周到的)。for 与of 的辨别方法：,for sb./of sb的辨别方法：可用介词for 或of 后面的代词作主语，用for 或of前面的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺，说明适用于“Its+adj.+of sb.+to do”句型，不通则应用“Its+adj.+for sb.+to do”句型表示。如：a.We were silly/He is selfish/You
27、are nice.(通顺，应用of)b.I am easy/youre necessary/He is hard.(不通，应用for),不定式特殊句型：动词+疑问词+to do,Fill in the blanks with what,which,when,where or how.Please show us_ to do that.2)There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy.3)The question is _ to put it into practic
28、e.,“动词+疑问词+to do”这一结构通常在句中作宾语、表语或补语，英语中适用于这种结构的动词有：decide,know,consider forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,find out,explain,tell注意:若这一结构在句中作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：How to put it into practice is still a question.,how,which,how,Section II 动名词,Step I 读下面一篇短文，找出并比较动名词的用法,Once,aking(allowed)ama
29、nlivinghispalacebecauseofhisoutstandingskills.Butsincethemansstrangemood,thequeendidntlikethedecission.sotheking(permited)hiswife(forbiding)themanifhemakeanymistakes.Thoughthemanknewthatthequeen(disliked)him,hedidnt(mind)ofit.Hekeptdoing hiswork,inthesparetime,he enjoyed hishabits,he(insistedon)(pra
30、ctising)andnever(givedup)trying.After(finished)doingthewholedayswork,hewenttobedand(imagined)havingawonderfuldream.Themanfeltlikelivinginthisway.Butwhathethought(canthelp)stoppinghimfromhisoverdeath.thequeenwasgettingmoretiredofhim,buthedidntrealized.Peoplearound(suggested)himleavingthepalaceor(advi
31、sed)himhavingatalkwiththequeen.Butherefusedangrily.Thequeenalways(considered)killinghim,inthisway,hecouldntavoidbeingdead,intheend,thequeen(excused)herflowersweredeadafterthemanscomingandkilledhim.,宾语,宾补,状语,宾语,宾补,宾语,Q3.What s the structure of the gerund?How many functions does it have?,doing,being d
32、one,having done,having been done,Step IV 动名词的结构与句法功能,Talking mends no holes.,I enjoy taking a walk after supper.,Seeing is believing.,Give me some drinking water,please.,eg.1)_(fight)broke out between the South and the North.2)_(talk)mends no holes 3)_(see)is believing.,eg.4)Its no good _(cry).5)Its
33、 no use _(walk)there.,eg.6)There is no _(tell)what will happen.,动名词作主语,Fighting,Talking,Seeing,1.动名词作主语时，表示 抽象的或经常性或已发生的动作，且谓语动词一律用单数。,crying,=Crying is no good.,walking,=Walking there is no use.,2.在这类it句型中，it是形式形式主语，真正的主语是置于句末的动名词或动名词短语。,telling,=It is impossible to tell what will happen.,=No one c
34、an tell what will happen.,3.在there be句型中，只能用动名词作主语。,eg.1)She finished _(draw)the picture.2)I enjoy _(take)a walk after supper.3)Would you mind _(turn)down your radio a little,please?,eg.I am looking forward to _(meet)you soon.I am proud of _(be)a Chinese.,动名词作宾语,drawing,talking,turning,有些动词只能用动名词作宾语
35、，构成“V.+doing sth”，这类动词有：admit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受enjoy 喜欢escape 逃脱 prevent阻止fancy 想象finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括stand 忍受und
36、erstand 理解 forgive 宽恕keep 继续,meeting,being,只能接动名词作宾语的固定搭配的词组有：admit to,preferto,be(get)used to,lead to,no use,Its worth,devote oneself to,object to,stick to,look forward to,no good,cant help,Its no use/good,be tired of,be fond of,be capable of,be afraid of,be proud of,think of/about,hold off,put off
37、,keep on,insist on,count on/upon,set about,be successful in,good at,take up,give up,burst out,prevent from,有些动词如begin，start，continue等既可用动名词作宾语，又可用动词不定式作宾语，且在意义上并无明显差别。有些动词如remember,forget,regret,stop,go on,try等后面跟动名词或不定式作宾语，在意义上则有明显不同。,eg.1)What he likes best is _(make jokes).2)His hobby is _(paint)
38、.3)Her job is _(wash，clean and take care of the children).,可将作表语的动名词前置于句首,改作主语,动名词作表语,=Making jokes is what he likes best.,=Painting is his hobby.,=Washing，cleaning and taking care of the children is her job.,动名词、现在分词及不定式作表语时有何用法区别？,动名词作表语，容易与现在分词及不定式作表语相混淆。记住：动名词表语时表达的是比较抽象的习惯性的动作，而现在分词作表语时表示的是“具有某
39、种作用”，常可以用very,much,so或that 等副词加以修饰限制；不定式作表语时表达的是一种具体、肯定的动作（常伴有特定的时间状语）。例如：1)His part-time job is promoting new products for the company.他的业余工作是为那家公司推销新产品。（动名词）1)The situation is very much encouraging.形势非常令人鼓舞。（现在分词）3)Their plan is to build another dormitory for their staff this year.他们的计划是今年再为员工们建一栋
40、宿舍楼。（不定式）,eg.1)Give me some _(drink)water,please.2)This is a _(sleep)car.,动名词作定语,drinking,sleeping,动名词作定语时，不表示动作，只表示所修饰词的用途。动名词一般只限于以单个词的形式而不能以短语的形式作定语，它的位置只能放在它所修饰词的前面。如:swimming pool 游泳池 reading material 阅读材料walking stick 手杖 floating needle 浮针 opening speech 开幕词 listening aid 助听器 waiting room 候车室
41、running water 自来水 working people 劳动人民 sleeping child 熟睡孩子developing countries 发展中国家,Step V 动名词的用法特征,动名词的被动语态,People hate being praised for nothing.人们不喜欢无缘无故的赞扬。The problem is far from being solved.这问题远没得到解决。She didnt mind being left alone at home.她不介意被独自留在家里。He hates not being paid attention to.他不喜欢
42、受人忽视。,动名词的完成时态,The secretary was scolded for not having finished typing the report in time.那位秘书因没有按时将报告打印出来而受责备。I regret having said some rude words to my brother.我后悔对我弟弟说了些粗话。We have no idea of their having done such kind of thing.我们不知道他们干过这种事情。After having been treated in the special way,he could
43、deal with everything around him smoothly.他接受了特殊化的训练后，能顺利地对付他周围的一切。He cant remember having been scolded by his boss for that matter.他不记得老板曾为那件事责备过他。,动名词作主语时，对于一些比较长的动名词短语，一般采用It is 和There is 两种句式来表示。例如：It is no use waiting for him any longer.等他是没有用的。It is no good learning without practice.学而不实践是没好处的。
44、It is dangerous using this method to measure the speed of light.用这种方法去测量光速是危险的。It is worthwhile consulting your tutor about it again.很值得再向你的指导老师咨询一下这个问题。There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。There is no denying the fact that China has made a rapid progress in every aspect since it was found
45、ed.不容抵赖这个事实，中国自它成立以来已在各个方面都取得了飞速的发展。There is no littering about.不许乱扔杂物。,动名词特殊句型：It is/There is,下列动词后面的动名词虽然是被动意义，但不用被动语态,Your car needs filling.你这车要充气了。This city deserves visiting.这座城市值得光顾一下。The problem requires studying carefully.这个问题需要认真研究。The trees want watering.这些树需要浇水了。,Step VI 不定式与动名词的用法比较-特殊词
46、精讲,1.stop doing/to do sth.stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing停止做某事。eg.They stop to smoke a cigarette.汉译：。I must stop smoking.汉译：。典型例题She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path.A.to have restedB.resting C.to restD.rest,答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择st
47、op to do sth.停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。,2.forget doing/to do forget to do忘记要去做某事。(未做)forget doing忘记做过某事。(已做)eg.The light in the office is stil on.He forgot to turn it off.汉译：。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off.汉译：。(已做过关灯的动作)Dont forget to come tomorrow.汉译：。(to come动作未做)典型例题-
48、The light in the office is still on.-Oh，I forgot_.A.turning it off B.turn it off C.to turn it off D.having turned it off,答案：C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。,3.remember doing/to doremember to do 记得去做某事(未做)remember doing记得做过某事(
49、已做)eg.Remember to go to the post office after school.汉译：。Dont you remember seeing the man before?汉译：。,4.cease doing/to do cease doing 短时停止做某事，以后还会接着做。cease to do 长时间，甚至永远停做某事。eg.That department has ceased to exist forever.那个部门已不复存在。The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by.
50、姑娘们在老师走过时，停了会儿聊天。,5.regret doing/to do regret to do 对要做的事遗憾。(未做)regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。(已做)eg.I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.-Well,now I regret _
