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1、句子的分类,1、句子种类（按交际用途分）陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句、There-be存在句2、句子类型（按句子结构分）简单句、并列句、复合句,一.简单句：定义,只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子。,He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.Both Tony and Jim go to school at seven in the morning,have lunch there and come back at five in the afternoon.,英语句子的
2、基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型，掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一：（主谓）二：（主系表）三：（主谓宾）四：（主谓间宾直宾）五：（主谓宾宾补）,简单句的5种结构,基本句型 一：（主谓）主语：可以作主语的成分有名词（如boy），主格代词（如you），动词不定式，动名词等。主语一般在句首。注意名词单数形式常和冠词不分家！谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，如：We come.此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词
3、短语、状语从句等。,The sun was shining.太阳在照耀着。The moon rose.月亮升起了。The universe remains.宇宙长存。We all breathe,eat,and drink.我们大家都呼吸、吃和喝。Who cares?管它呢？What he said does not matter.他所讲的没有什么关系。They talked for half an hour.他们谈了半个小时。The pen writes smoothly 这支笔书写流利。,（不及物动词）,巩固练习：,1她昨天回家很晚。2会议将持续两个小时。3在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了
4、巨大变化.41919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。5每天八时开始上课。,2.The meeting will last two hours.,3.Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.,4.The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.,5.Classes begin at eight every day.,1.She went home very late yesterday evening.,主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-
5、状语。,如:1.The red sun rises in the east.2.So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.4.She sat there alone,reading a novel.,巩固练习：,6这个重五公斤。7五年前我住在北京。8秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。9我的爷爷早晨起得很早。10.每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。,6.This box weighs five kilos.,7.I lived in Beijing five years ago.,8
6、.In autumn,some birds fly to the south.,9.My grandfather gets up early in the morning.,10.Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.,（是系动词）This is an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.The dinner smells good.3.He fell in love.他堕入了情网。4.Everything looks different.一切看来都不同了
7、。5.He is growing tall and strong.他长得又高又壮6.Our well has gone dry.我们井干枯了。7.His face turned red.他的脸红了。,基本句型 二：（主系表）,基本句型 二：（主系表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：He is a teacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,st
8、and,He always kept silent at meeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：He seems(to be)very sad.,注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：He became mad
9、 after that.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn out,表达证实，成之意，例如：The rumor proved false.His plan turned out a success.,（及物动词）Who knows the answer?谁知道答案？她微笑表示感谢。He has refused to help them.He enjoys reading.他喜欢看书。I want to have a cup of tea.我想喝杯茶。,基本句型 三：（主谓宾）,巩固练习：,1昨晚我写了一封信。2今天下午我想同你谈谈。3这本书他读过多次了。4他们成功地完
10、成了计划。5那位先生能流利地说三种语言。,I wrote a letter last night.,I want to talk with you this afternoon.,He has read this book many times.,They have carried out the plan successfully.,That gentleman can speak three languages fluently.,巩固练习：,6我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。7Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。8我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。9.他不知道说什麽好。10.我开窗户你在意吗
11、？,I received a letter from my penfriend in Australia.,Jim cannot dress himself.,All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.,He did not know what to say.,Do you mind my opening the window?,Give me a cup of tea,please.,基本句型四：,有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give,pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语
12、一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。,（主谓间宾直宾）,1.She ordered herself a new dress.她给自己定了一套新衣裳。2.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.她给丈夫煮了一顿美餐。3.He brought you a dictionary.他给你带来了一本字典。4.He denies her nothing.他对她什么都不拒绝。,（及物）（多指人）（多指物）,但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如He brings cookies to me every
13、 day.She made a beautiful dress for me.,用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,tell,write,ask等；（需借助for 的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。,巩固练习：1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故
14、事。3请把那本字典递给我好吗？4他把车票给列车员看。,Mr Johnson taught us German last year.,Grandma told me an interesting story last night.,Would you please pass me the dictionary?,He showed the ticket to the conductor.,巩固练习：5我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。,Shall I call you a taxi?,The new machine will sa
15、ve you a lot of labour.,7.He bought a new coat for his mother with his first months salary.,此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。,基本句型 五：（主谓宾宾补）,名词/代词宾格+名词The war|made|him|a soldier./战争使他成为一名战士.名词/代词宾格+形容词New methods|mak
16、e|the job|easy./新方法使这项工作变得轻松.名词/代词宾格+介词短语I|often find|him|at work./我经常发现他在工作.名词/代词宾格+动词不定式The teacher|ask|the students|to close the windows./老师让学生们关上窗户.名词/代词宾格+分词I|saw|a cat|running across the road./我看见一只猫跑过了马路.,（及物）（宾语）（宾补）,1.这些花闻起来很香。These flowers smell good.2.这里夏天经常下雨。It always rains here in summ
17、er.3.李平逗得婴儿笑起来了。Li Ping made the baby begin to laugh.4.刚才她给了我一些墨水。Just now she gave me some ink.主及物动间宾直宾（S+V+IO+DO）,主连动表(S+V+P),主不及物动(S+V),主及物动宾宾补（S+V+O+C）,Exercises,把下列句子译成英语,并指出各属于哪种基本句型。,a，b，c，d，e，,1，Pleas tell us a story._2,She smiled._3.His job is to train swimmers._4.He saw a man enter the roo
18、m._5.Please look at the picture._,d,a,b,e,c,二、并列句,1.定义：并列句是由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接在一起构成的句子。并列连词有and,but,or,so,eitheror,neithernor not onlybut also2.结构:简单句+并列连词+简单句,This is mine and that is hers.These shoes are not cheap but they are very good.You help him and he helps you.The future is bright;the road i
19、s tortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。,Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。,He was tired,so he went to bed.,1.He was tired.He went to bed.,2.The child hid behind his mothers skirt.He was afraid of the dog.,3.He made a promise.He didnt keep it.,He made a promise,but He didnt keep it.,The child hid behind his mothers
20、skirt,for he was afraid of the dog.,定义:复合句(主从复合句)是有一个主句和一个或者一个以上的从句构成的句子.复合句中的主句和从句都具有完成的主谓结构。主句是复合句的主体，可以独立存在。从句需要有一个连词引导，是修饰说明主语的，不能独立存在。根据在句中不同的作用，从句可以分为三大类：名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）定语从句和状语从句。,三、复合句,复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1.主语从句 2.宾语从句3.表语从句
21、 4.定语从句5.状语从句 6.同位语从句,英文写作中最常使用的从句宾语从句状语从句 定语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,He told me,the news.,that the match had been cancelled.,宾语,how much he was prepared to pay for my car.,that I could have the money without delay.,how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without
22、delay.,when he was leaving for Paris.,that his fathered was working in that school.,宾语从句,宾语从句,I really feel that he needs more practice.The old lady likes saying that she has a good son.I want to know if she still lives here.This depends on whether he is interested in English.,在复合句中充当宾语的从句叫宾语从句.,复合句
23、与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,the people,surprised,That,What he saidwhat he did,主语,That he didnt know the answer,in the room.,定语,who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.,主语从句,That he will succeed is certain.Whether she will go there is not known.What
24、he said is not true.Who broke the window has not been found out.How he escaped is still a mystery.,在复合句中充当主语的从句叫主语从句。,定语从句,The man who wrote the book is an English professor.I liked read the book that you read last month.She is the not on the train that arrived a few minutes ago.,定语从句是在复合句中修饰名词或代词的句
25、子。定语从句在句中起定语的作用，被定语修饰的词为先行词。定语从句=先行词+引导词+其它。,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从属连词+简单句,That,is,the fact.,表 语,what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.,状语从句,根据意义上的不同，状语从句可分为下列几种：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、方式状语从句、条件状语从句、结果状语从句、让步状语从句、比较状语从句。,在复合句中作状语的从句叫状语从句,复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句+从
26、属连词+简单句,He worked,in that factory,three years ago.,地点状语,时间状语,where his father worked,in that factory,where I lived,when he lived there,His father worked there.,I lived there.,He lived there three years ago.,同位语从句,The fact that he won the first prize cant be true.Have you heard the news that Mary wil
27、l get married soon?The suggestion that the plan should be delayed will be discussed tomorrow.,同位语从句常用that引导,同news,fact,hope,idea,promise,suggestion,构成“The fact that+句子的”结构。,指出下列各从句的类型,I believe that everything is going on well.She was reading a novel when I came in.She is the girl who sings best in
28、my class.,宾语从句,状语从句,定语从句,Practice,用所给连词连接句子。,He has found out.She was late.(why),He has found out why she was late.,I still remember the day.I first went to York on that day.(when),I still remember the day when I first went to York.,将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句的复合句。,Practice,He didnt come yesterday.He was ill.(
29、原因),He didnt come yesterday because he was ill.,Ill give the letter to him.I see him.（时间）It is such a big box.Nobody can move it.（结果）Well go to the great wall.Its fine tomorrow.(条件)We should not go there all the time.The place is quite pleasant.(让步）,It is such a big box that nobody can move it.,Well
30、 go to the great wall if its fine tomorrow.,Although the place is quite pleasant,we should not go there all the time.,Ill give the letter to him when I see him.Ill give the letter to him as soon as I see him.Ill give the letter to him the moment I see him.,练习 简单句、并列句和复合句,1.We often study Chinese his
31、tory on Friday afternoon.2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3.There is a chair in this room,isnt there?4.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.,简单句,复合句,简单句,简单句,判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：,5.He is in Class One and I am in Clas
32、s Two.6.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7.Neither has he changed his mind,nor will he do so.8.What he said at the meeting is very important,isnt it?9.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.,并列句,复合句,并列句,复合句,简单句,简单句,英语基本句型6 There be 句型
33、 说明：此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。除用动词be之外，还可以用和be意义相近的其他动词：live,exist,stand,lie,occur,come,follow,remain等 There stands a hill in the middle of the park.Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.,“there be”结构中的特殊动词：1).很久很久以前，有一个国王。Lon
34、g,long ago,there lived a king.2).然后有人敲门。Then there came a knock at the door.3).然后是传来了可怕的声音。There followed a terrible noise.4).突然进来了一个奇怪的人。Suddenly there entered a strange man.,B.There be 结构变形。1.There used/seem/happen/appear to be1).看来没人愿意帮忙。There appeared to be nobody willing to help.2).过去这儿有一座楼房。Th
35、ere used to be a building here.3).碰巧有个人在此经过。There happened to be a man walking by.4).好象没有太大的希望。There doesnt seem to be much hope.,B.There be 结构变形。2.在there be的 be 前还可以加上各种情态动词.1).一定有问题。There must be something wrong.2).不应该有这么多的人。There ought not to be so many people.3).可能还有点希望。There might still be hope
36、.,Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 将来有 there will be；there is/are going to be.现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be.肯定有 there must be/there must have been.过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be,巩固练习：1这个
37、村子过去只有一口井。2客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。3天气预报说下午有大风。4灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。5战前这儿一直有家电影院的.,There was only a well in the village.,Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.,The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon.,The light is on.There must be someone in the office.,There used to be a cinema here before the war.,巩固练习：6恰好那时房里没人。7从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。8公共汽车来了。9就只剩下二十八美元了。10铃响了。,There happened to be nobody in the room.,Once,there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.,There comes the bus.,There remained only twenty eight dollars.,There goes the bell.,
