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1、第六讲,减词法,翻译中的省略，是指在完整保留原义的前提下，删除一些在译文显得多余甚至影响表达的词语。为了使译文简洁、流畅，还可以从行文和修辞的角度，适当删除一些翻译过来显得累赘、罗嗦甚至可有可无的词语，同时又能无损于原义的完整性（如逻辑关系和语义衔接）与准确性。,减词一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。,一、从语法角度进行减省,英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大，例如：英语有冠词，而汉语却没有；英语重形合、连接词较多，汉语重意合、连接词较少；英语中介词丰富，多达280多个，汉语中介词则较少，只有30来个；英语中经常使用代词，尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等，而汉语
2、中代词则用得较少；因此，英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略去，使译文练达晓畅。例如：,(1)I know my friends from the feel of their faces.我通过触摸脸庞来认识朋友(2)Ice is a solid.If we heat it,it melts and becomes water.冰是固体，如果加热就会融化成水(3)John got up very early in the morning.He put on his jacket,sat down at his desk and began to do his homework这里
3、的他可以省略,(4)But at the present moment the whole road looked rather pretty,for the sun had just set in splendor（壮观）,and the equalities of rent were drowned in a saffron（橘黄的）afterglow（余辉）此时整条道路上看起来非常漂亮，金灿灿的太阳刚刚落山，房层映在橘黄色的余晖中,(5)He had a shelf there,where he kept his Bohemian papers and his pipes and tob
4、acco,and his shears and needles and thread and tailors thimble.他有个架子在那边，储存着波西米亚风格的文件，烟管，烟草，剪刀，缝衣针，线和裁缝的大头针。,(6)Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals and soldiers 那些极具荣耀的并经常出现在历史课本中的人通常是征服者，将军，和士兵,(7)The city has a dense ma
5、nufacturing population.这个城市有稠密的制造业人口(8)The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory.这些产品在出厂之前应该送去质检。,(9)The mother and the eldest daughter weeded the ridges,passing before the othersA younger son,of twelve years,brought sea sand in a donkeys creels（钓鱼用的鱼篓）from
6、a far corner of the field.They mixed the sand with the black clay.The fourth child,still almost an infant,staggered about near his mother,plucking weeds slowly and offering them to his mother as gifts.,妈妈和大女儿在其他人面前除杂草，12岁的年轻一点的儿子从田边一个很远角落将沙子运到跨在驴身上的竹篓中，将泥与沙混在一起，而第四个孩子，应该还是个婴儿，在妈妈旁蹒跚着，笨拙的拔着草并把它们作为献给妈
7、妈的礼物。,(10)Come if you like.想来就来吧。(11)As it is late,let us go to bed.太晚了，我们睡觉吧。,(12)I framed the words in my mind:Pardon me,but have I done something to offend you?我在心里嘀咕，不好意思，难道我得罪你了吗？,(13)If you are a twinkle,you have the ability to walk into a room and bring the sunshine with you,making everyone e
8、lse want to bask in it.喜悦的人有能力将阳光带入房中，使每个人都想沐浴其中。,省略人称代词,We assure you of our prompt attention to this matter.我方保证立刻处理此事。,You must excuse us for the inconvenience we have caused you.请务必谅解我们给你带来的不便。,You are kindly requested to let us have your best quotation for the canned fruits.请您给我们报水果罐头的最低价。,省略非人
9、称代词和不定代词,Be a place what it may,one gets to like it,if one lives long in it.无论什么地方，住久了都会喜欢的。,He glanced at his watch;it was 7:15.他瞥了一眼手表，7.15分了。,It was on March 15th that we received the market report which was anticipated by our manufacturer.制造商所期待的市场报告，我们是在315号收到的。,连词的省略,省略并列连词The watch costs me o
10、ne hundred and fifty dollars.Let us join and proceed together.让我们携手并进。,省略从属连词However,such change is not easy and can be accomplished only when leaders of both sides have no illusions（错误的观念，幻想）,talk candor（坦率，坦白）,and meet differences head-on.然而，这样的改变并不容易做到，只有双方领导抛弃错误观念，直面分歧，并坦诚相待才可以。,If I had known i
11、t,I would not have joined in it.如果知道我就不参加了。,He declined to amplify on the Presidents statement since he had not read the text.他拒绝对总统的陈述进行修饰，因为他还没读过那篇文章。,冠词的省略,省略定冠词The horse is useful to man.马对人有用。Milk is sold by the pound.牛奶是按磅卖的。,The governments of the United States of America and the Peoples Repu
12、blic of China agreed to hold senior talks regularly on matters of mutual interest.中美政府同意就双方利益问题定期举行高层会晤。,省略不定冠词A square has four sides.正方形有四边。Things of a kind come together;people of a mind fall into the same group.物以类聚，人以群分。,介词的省略,The Chinese Communist Party was founded in Shanghai on July 1,1921.中
13、国共产党在1921年7月1日于上海成立。,Smoking in public places is prohibited.公共场合禁止吸烟。Rumors(谣言）had already spread along the streets and lanes.谣言已传遍大街小巷。,The joint decision to build the Tunnel was announced by President Francois Mitterrand and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in a ceremony at Lille on 21 January.时间，
14、地点，人物宣布了共同建设隧道的决定。,二、从修饰角度进行减省,有些词语在英语里是必不可少的，但在汉语中却并非如此，如直译成汉语则往往显得累赘罗嗦。为了使译文简洁晓畅、文约而意丰，这样的词语必须省去或是精简。例如：(1)I felt shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof,eat his food and drink his whisky,till another boat came in t
15、o take me to the port for which I was bound.,我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的，一直等到下一班船到来，把我带到我要去的港口为止想到这儿，我真有点不好意思了。(这里，如把 sleep under his roof,eat his food and drink his whisky直译为睡在他的屋顶下、吃他的食物、喝他的威士忌，会使语言极为繁冗，不够精练。译文采用减省译法处理原文，既准确地传达了原意，又使行文简洁，气韵十足，一气呵成。),(2)Her dark eyes made little reflected sta
16、rs.She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened.她那双乌黑的眼睛就像亮晶晶的星星在闪烁，他平素醒来的时候，她也是这样望着他。(此句中有两个 she was looking at him，如不作省略而译为她像平常那样望着她一样望着他，汉语就显得噜嗦繁复，诘屈聱牙。),(3)University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.(4)There was no sn
17、ow,the leaves were gone from the trees,the grass was dead.(5)There was not a sound in her-and around us nothing moved,nothing lived,not a canoe on the water,not a bird in the air,not a cloud in the sky.,(6)The problem of alternative fuels of vehicle is one problem we shall approach.(7)There are some
18、 things that I have happily seen of the wondrous way of the spider.蜘蛛的奇异动态，我曾有幸目睹。(译文省去 there are some things that后，文字简约，表达生动，意思明确。),(8)In actual fact,the United States is pursuing a policy of encouraging the aggressor(9)He was smooth and agreeable.(10)Standing as it does on a high hill,the church c
19、ommands a new view.,(11)To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder.If we are wise our wisdom will gain from the simplicity of our speech,and if we are foolish our folly will only shout the louder through big words.,Exercises,He set out with three neighbors to who
20、m he pointed out the place where he had picked up the bit of string.He shrugged his shoulders,shook his head,cast up his eyes,but said nothing.At 7:20,the astronauts received a final briefing.Go and tell her the good news.The sun heats the earth,which makes it possible for plants to grow.,There has
21、never been a man around me who wrote so many memos.The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.While we were operating the machine tools,we were very careful.,We live in an era in which information,goods and capital spe
22、ed around the globe,every hour of everyday.There is a man downstairs who is waiting for you.I am afraid its not right to challenge your superiors orders.,Any expenses accruing from this credit inquiry will be gladly paid on receipt of your bill.We draw your attention to this matter because we regard it as detrimental to our relations.He expressed hope that he would visit China again.“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive,”said a foreign economist.,
