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1、,Exercises,Reading Comprehension,Structure of the Text,Unit 8:Exercises,Vocabulary,Cloze,Translation,Unit 8:Reading comprehension,Reference,Ex.I,p.153,In paragraphs 1 to 4,the author listed many examples to show that we seem to take stereotypes for granted.Stereotypes appear in every aspect of life.
2、According to him,stereotype is a gossip about the world,which makes us prejudge people before we really lay eyes on them,hence it is a kind of prejudice.,1.In paragraphs 1 to 4,the author describes typical examples of stereotyping.Why does he list so many examples?What are stereotypes according to h
3、im?,Unit 8:Reading comprehension,2.When and how do we learn to stereotype?,We learn to stereotype when we were quite young,from the Westerns we can spot Good guys from Bad guys.We also have the standardized pictures of stereotypes thrust upon us as grownups.,Reference,Unit 8:Reading comprehension,3.
4、What is another word for prejudice in Heilbroners essay?Are there any other synonyms of this word in the text?,Another word for prejudice is prejudgment.Actually in the text there are many words used by the author to mean the same,they are:stereotype,typecast,prejudice,prejudgment,etc.Outside of the
5、 text,we can also find such words as bias,discrimination,scapegoats associated with stereotypes.,Reference,Unit 8:Reading comprehension,4.Why do we tend to stereotype people?,We tend to stereotype people because we are living in a confusing and buzzing world.Stereotyping helps us make sense out of t
6、his completely buzzing world.,Reference,Unit 8:Reading comprehension,5.What do you think Walter Lippmann means when he says,“For the most part we do not first see and then define;we define first and then we see”(Para.9)?Explain your answer in detail.,If we dont know what we are looking at,we are oft
7、en quite unable to see what we are looking at.Stereotypes are one way in which we“define”the world in order to see it.They classify the infinite variety of human beings into a convenient handful of types towards whom we learn to act in stereotyped fashion.In a word,we are mentally lazy to see the wo
8、rld by ourselves,but rather,we would like to have judgment before we research on the fact.,Reference,Unit 8:Reading comprehension,6.What are the harms of stereotypes?,1)Stereotypes make us mentally lazy:we dont want to observe our world,we use stereotypes instead.2)Stereotypes get in the way of our
9、judgment when we observe the world,thus they do injustice to others.3)Stereotypes impoverish ourselves.We lose our capacity to be ourselves,i.e.the ability to see the world in our own absolutely unique,inimitable and independent fashion.,Reference,Unit 8:Reading comprehension,7.How does seeing the w
10、orld in stereotypes“impoverish”us,according to Heilbroner?,Stereotypes impoverish us as we tend to lump the world into simple categories,being in danger of becoming a stereotype ourselves.We may lose ourselves as an independent individual with inimitable thought about the world.,Reference,Unit 8:Rea
11、ding comprehension,8.Can we change a stereotypical view of the world?If yes,how can we change it?,Yes,but we cannot just drop our standardized pictures for a blind vision of the Truth because sharp swings of ideas just substitute one stereotype for another.We have to undergo a true process of change
12、,that is a slow process that adds bits and pieces of reality to the pictures in our heads,until gradually they take on some of the blurriness of life itself.,Reference,Unit 8:Reading comprehension,9.What are Heilbroners three steps for discarding our stereotypical view of the world?,The three steps
13、to discard the stereotypes are as follows:first,we can become aware of the stereotypes held in our minds.Second,we can become suspicious of all judgments that we allow exceptions to prove.Third,we can learn to be chary of generalizations about people.,Reference,Unit 8:Reading comprehension,10.In the
14、 text,the author mentions several groups of people stereotyped such as Jews,Catholics,Negroes and Puerto Ricans,do you know why they are stereotyped?Can you list out other kinds of stereotypes?,Jews and Catholics are stereotyped especially for the historical and religious reasons(Jews are to some de
15、gree different from most Christians because Jews believe the Old Testament of Bible,and the similar reason for the Catholics)while Negroes and Puerto Ricans are stereotyped mainly for demographic and historical reasons(both of them come to the U.S.as outsiders and considered barbaric).Other stereoty
16、pes include racial discrimination,sex discrimination,bias,various prejudices including gender-related and age-related prejudices,preconceptions,etc.,Reference,Ex.II,p.154,1.Introduction(Paras.16),2.Body(Paras.718),3.Conclusion(Para.19),Text Outline,Unit 8:Structure of the text,1)Stereotypes are a ki
17、nd of _ _,It introduces what stereotypes are.Examples are given to show that we dont actually realize that stereotypes are penetrating and functioning in our heads.There are three major things about the definition of stereotypes on the text.,Text Outline,Unit 8:Structure of the text,a gossip about t
18、he world,a gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever see them.,1.Introduction(Paras.17),2)Stereotypes are related to prejudice:_ _,It introduces what stereotypes are.Examples are given to show that we dont actually realize that stereotypes are penetrating and functioning in our heads.There
19、 are three major things about the definition of stereotypes on the text.,Text Outline,Unit 8:Structure of the text,explore most prejudices(prejudgment),and you will find a cruel stereotype at the core of each one.,1.Introduction(Paras.17),3)There is a fact that when we have typecast the world:_,It i
20、ntroduces what stereotypes are.Examples are given to show that we dont actually realize that stereotypes are penetrating and functioning in our heads.There are three major things about the definition of stereotypes on the text.,Text Outline,Unit 8:Structure of the text,we tend to see people in a sta
21、ndardized picture.,1.Introduction(Paras.17),Stereotypes began from childhood:we begin to typecast people in our childhood years,e.g._ _,When and how we have stereotypes(Paras.710).,Text Outline,Unit 8:Structure of the text,we learn to spot the,Good guys from the Bad guys from TV Westerns.,2.Body(Par
22、as.718),B.Stereotypes are dinned into us as we grow up:by _ _,When and how we have stereotypes(Paras.710).,Text Outline,Unit 8:Structure of the text,stock jokes,advertisements,movies and the books.,the,2.Body(Paras.718),C.We tend to stereotype because it helps us_.We have to stereotype something fir
23、st before we see it.,When and how we have stereotypes(Paras.710).,Text Outline,Unit 8:Structure of the text,out of a highly confusing world,make sense,2.Body(Paras.718),D.The seemingly advantageous features of stereotypes:(1)life would be a weaning process_(2)_.,When and how we have stereotypes(Para
24、s.710).,Text Outline,Unit 8:Structure of the text,from scratch with each and every human contact.,if we had to start,2.Body(Paras.718),Stereotypes economize on our mental effort and save us the trouble of finding out what the world Is like,A.Stereotypes warp our judgments because_.,2)Harms of stereo
25、types(Paras.1114).S.I.Hayakawa wrote:the danger of stereotypes lies not in their existence,but in the fact that they become_.,Text Outline,Unit 8:Structure of the text,substitutes for observation,2.Body(Paras.718),stereotypes economize on our mental effort and save us the trouble of finding out what
26、 the world Is like,B.Stereotypes impoverish a person because _ _.,he loses his capacity to be himself,to see the world in his won absolutely unique,inimitable and independent way,2)Harms of stereotypes(Paras.1114).S.I.Hayakawa wrote:the danger of stereotypes lies not in their existence,but in the fa
27、ct that they become_.,Text Outline,Unit 8:Structure of the text,substitutes for observation,2.Body(Paras.718),A._.,3)Solution to the problem:_Changing from one extreme to another is another kind of stereotyping.So it is a slow process to accumulate the bits and pieces of pictures of realities.There
28、are three steps to speed up the process along:,Text Outline,Unit 8:Structure of the text,how we can get rid of stereotypes(Paras.1518),2.Body(Paras.718),We can become aware of the standardized pictures in our heads,in other peoples heads,in the world around us,B._.,3)Solution to the problem:_Changin
29、g from one extreme to another is another kind of stereotyping.So it is a slow process to accumulate the bits and pieces of pictures of realities.There are three steps to speed up the process along:,Text Outline,Unit 8:Structure of the text,how we can get rid of stereotypes(Paras.1518),2.Body(Paras.7
30、18),We can become suspicious of all judgments that we allow exceptions to prove,C._.,3)Solution to the problem:_Changing from one extreme to another is another kind of stereotyping.So it is a slow process to accumulate the bits and pieces of pictures of realities.There are three steps to speed up th
31、e process along:,Text Outline,Unit 8:Structure of the text,how we can get rid of stereotypes(Paras.1518),2.Body(Paras.718),We can learn to be chary of generalizations about people,Text Outline,Unit 8:Structure of the text,3.Conclusion(Para.19),Most of the time,when we typecast the world,we are not c
32、ategorizing people at all.We are only trying to make known the shameful and deep-rooted stereotypical pictures in our heads.,1.The lack of military action from other countries has contributed to the _ of the civil war.,Unit 8:Vocabulary,perpetuation,Part A,Ex.V,p.156Complete the following sentences
33、with words given below,making sure that each word is used in the right form.,2.His mind is _ after prolonged spell of idling outside in between the so-called“friends”of mahjiang.,Unit 8:Vocabulary,impoverished,3.When asked about the earthquake of 20 years ago,her mind _ up a blurred vision of fire a
34、nd falling buildings.,Unit 8:Vocabulary,conjured,4.You must judge each film on its own merits,without any _ about what its like.,Unit 8:Vocabulary,preconceptions,5.Gas-fired power stations will soon _ for less efficient coal-fired equipment.,Unit 8:Vocabulary,substitute,6.Im a bit _ of using a trave
35、l agency that doesnt enjoy a high reputation,let alone one that even doesnt have official registration.,Unit 8:Vocabulary,chary,7.The small church in the community was prominently involved in the struggle that _ the dictatorship.,Unit 8:Vocabulary,toppled,8.As a young man,you could _ on food by not
36、eating in restaurants all the time.,Unit 8:Vocabulary,economize,9.In the movie,the boundary between reality and fantasy went _.,Unit 8:Vocabulary,blurry,10.Lets not _ the situation we need to hear both sides of the story first.,Unit 8:Vocabulary,Part B,prejudge,Part B,Ex.V,pp.156157Choose the word o
37、r phrase that best completes each of the following sentences.,Unit 8:Vocabulary,1.Some Senators argue that increasing the supply of weapons will only _ the violence and anarchy in that area.A.extinguishB.demolish C.devastateD.perpetuate,1.Some Senators argue that increasing the supply of weapons wil
38、l only _ the violence and anarchy in that area.A.extinguishB.demolish C.devastateD.perpetuate,Unit 8:Vocabulary,Children complained that parents were always _ into the ears of them the importance of hard work.A.dinning B.clamoring C.delvingD.deafening,Children complained that parents were always _ i
39、nto the ears of them the importance of hard work.A.dinning B.clamoring C.delvingD.deafening,Unit 8:Vocabulary,3.Shes in her eighties now and _ to be a bit forgetful.A.adept B.apt C.inapplicableD.impertinent,3.Shes in her eighties now and _ to be a bit forgetful.A.adept B.apt C.inapplicableD.impertin
40、ent,The Bush Administration is determined to _ deeper into the scandal of the special agents.A.fill B.scoop C.delve D.explore,Unit 8:Vocabulary,The Bush Administration is determined to _ deeper into the scandal of the special agents.A.fill B.scoop C.delve D.explore,5.Wed better _ our watches if we a
41、ll want to be there at the same time.A.synchronize B.harmonizeC.symbolize D.systematize,Unit 8:Vocabulary,5.Wed better _ our watches if we all want to be there at the same time.A.synchronize B.harmonizeC.symbolize D.systematize,6.He was demonstrating,in his own particular and _ style,how to write a
42、bestselling novel.A.imitable B.comparable C.equaled D.inimitable,Unit 8:Vocabulary,6.He was demonstrating,in his own particular and _ style,how to write a bestselling novel.A.imitable B.comparable C.equaled D.inimitable,7.In an interview with the Newsweek,he dismissed recent rumours about his privat
43、e life as _.A.factual B.authentic C.fictitiousD.valid,Unit 8:Vocabulary,7.In an interview with the Newsweek,he dismissed recent rumours about his private life as _.A.factual B.authentic C.fictitiousD.valid,The son of the president emerged _ from the court after all the charges against her were dropp
44、ed because of a lack of evidence.A.downhearted B.unfavorableC.triumphant D.despicable,Unit 8:Vocabulary,The son of the president emerged _ from the court after all the charges against her were dropped because of a lack of evidence.A.downhearted B.unfavorableC.triumphant D.despicable,9.The decision t
45、o welcome Tony in the institute was completely _ when he proved himself an excellent researcher with the scientific experiment.A.indicated B.vindicatedC.announced D.tolerated,Unit 8:Vocabulary,9.The decision to welcome Tony in the institute was completely _ when he proved himself an excellent resear
46、cher with the scientific experiment.A.indicated B.vindicatedC.announced D.tolerated,10.The association needs to win back former members who have allowed their subscriptions to _.A.resume B.recover C.lapseD.extend,Unit 8:Vocabulary,10.The association needs to win back former members who have allowed
47、their subscriptions to _.A.resume B.recover C.lapseD.extend,Ex.VI,pp.157Choose an appropriate word from the following list to fill in each of the following blanks.Each word can be used only ONCE.Change the word form where necessary.,A“stereotype”is a generalization about a person or group of persons
48、.We develop stereotypes when we are unable or 1)_ to obtain all of the information we would need to make 2)_ judgments about people or situations.In the absence of the“total picture,”stereotypes in many cases allow us to“fill in the blanks.”Our society often innocently creates and 3)_ stereotypes,bu
49、t these stereotypes often lead to unfair discrimination and persecution when the stereotype is 4)_.,Unit 8:Cloze,To be continued.,fair,unfavorable,unwilling,perpetuate,For example,if we are walking through a park late at night and encounter three senior citizens 5)_ fur coats and walking with canes,
50、we may not feel as 6)_ as if we were 7)_ by three high school-aged boys wearing leather jackets.Why is this so?We have made a generalization in each 8)_.These generalizations have their 9)_ in experiences we have had ourselves,read about in books and magazines,10)_ in movies or television,or have ha
