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1、语句中因果关系的替换,英汉语言由于各自语言结构的差异，其表达因果关系的方式也各有不同。英语表达因果关系的方式：汉语表达因果关系的方式：因果复句来实现。汉语的因果复句：说明因果式和推论因果式。说明因果式基本格式是“因为，所以”，前面的分句指出原因，后面分句说明结果；推论因果式的基本格式是“既然，就”，前面分句提出前提，后面分句推论出结果。,介词，连接词、分词短语、独立结构、介词短语、形容词短语、不定式，状语从句。,翻译方法之一：将英语中表达因果关系的表达式，译为汉语的说明因果式复句或推论因果式复句，同时增添适当地表示原因的连接词，,翻译方法之二：采用汉语意合的特点，将表原因的分句放在前面，表结果
2、的分句放在后面，省略连接词。,1、with 表示因为，由于，有种种译法。Her eyes shone with pleasure.Shes in the hospital with a desperate illness.2 In 和 that 连用，表示原因是，因为，后接从句。I like the city,but I like the country better in that I have more friends in the country.3、from 表原因，译为由于，因 He wasnt ill;he stayed in bed from laziness.We were a
3、ll weak from hunger,not having had food for over forty hours.4、for 表因为，由于，常有较活的译法。France is famous for its wines.I must apologize for call so late.,一、将英语中表某些的介词译为表原因的因果复句,她眼中闪烁着高兴的光芒。,他因患重病住院了。,我喜欢城市，但我更喜欢农村，因为在农村我有更多的朋友。,他没有病；他是由于懒惰而躺在床上的。,我们都因饥饿而极度虚弱，我们已经连续40个小时没吃东西了。,法国因其酒而闻名。,我很抱歉这么晚给你打电话。,5、on
4、表示原因，可译为根据，由于，在。下。He made money on the deal.On their advice I applied for the job.6、of 与某些形容词或过去分词连用，表示引起某种情绪的原因，常译为因为，由于。He is scared of the dark.I was tired of doing things of this kind.We were proud of our motherland.You ought to be ashamed of yourself.,他因做这笔交易而赚了钱。,我听从他们的建议申请了这个工作。,他害怕黑暗。,做这件事让我
5、感觉很累。,我们为祖国而感到骄傲。,你应为自己感到羞耻。,7、at 也可用来表示引起某种情绪的原因，常译为“为，对于”等 与某些形容词或分词连用。,He looked surprised at seeing us.,见到我们他看上去有些惊讶。,Peter was delighted at the chance.,彼得为这个机会而感到高兴。,They were overjoyed at his return to work.,他又回来工作了，他们为此而欢呼雀跃。,at与某些动词连用，如,Sometimes she takes offence at trifles.,有时她会因一些小事儿发怒。,W
6、e all rejoiced at the news of your success.,我们都为你成功的消息而高兴。,at 用在某些名词或词组后面。,The whole house was in grief at his death.,屋里所有的人都为他去世而感到悲痛。,He was in high spirits at the prospect.,他为美好的前景感到精神振奋。,8、through 也可用来表示原因，译为由于，因为 的关系,He became ill through eating too much.,由于吃得太多，他生病了。,It was all through you tha
7、t we were late.,都是因为你的关系我们才迟到的。,9、by置于不带the的名词前，表示原因，可译为由于,I did it by mistake.They met by chance.The coroners verdict was death by misadventure.,验尸官判定是意外致死。,他因为不懂语言，不知道怎样问路。,二将英语的分词短语、独立结构、介词短语、不定式短语译为汉语的复句。,Not knowing the language,he didnt know how to ask the way.,分词短语：,酒精（因为）容易着火，必须放在与火隔绝的地方。,Be
8、ing easily set on fire,alcohol must be kept away from the flame.,由于那天晚上被要求加班，吉姆错过了老朋友的聚会。,Asked to work overtime that evening,Jim missed the get-together of old friends.,独立结构,Steam still provides power,of which electricity is the obedient carrier,it being capable of transmitting power in any desired
9、 amount and to any place where it is necessary to use it.,蒸汽仍旧提供动力，而电则是动力的输送手段，因为电能够把任何数量的动力输送到任何需要的地方去。,Her leg wounded,Ellen could do nothing but stay at home.,腿受伤了，艾伦只好呆在家里。,不定式：,We are overjoyed to see you.,见到你，我们很高兴。,介词短语,I felt guilty about leaving without saying goodbye.,我因不辞而别而感到内疚。,The acci
10、dent resulted from Toms carelessness.,这事故由于汤姆不小心才造成的。,三、将英语的句子翻译为汉语的因果复句。,1.英语的原因状语从句可以根据汉语的习惯，直接译为汉语因果复句。将表原因的分句置于句首。在现代汉语中，由于受西方语言的影响，有时也将表原因的分句置于句末，此时，从句往往含有补充说明的作用。,Since the flight was cancelled,they had to stay there for one night.,因为航班被取消，他们只能在那儿住一晚。,因为路太滑，很多人都滑到了。,Many people slipped down be
11、cause the road was too slippery.,既然他坚持自己的观点，我们要在下次会议讨论这件事。,As she has always been working hard,Miss Smith got promoted soon.,史密斯小姐一直工作努力，因此很快得到了提升。,We all like reading because we can learn a lot from it.,我们都很喜欢读书，因为能从中学到许多知识。,It must be morning now,for the birds are singing.,现在一定是天亮了，因为鸟儿在歌唱。,Since
12、he insists on his viewpoint,we shall take up the matter at the next meeting.,2.英语中某些定语从句从形式上看属于定语从句，但从逻辑意义上分析，他们却和主句构成了一层因果关系，这类定语从句也常常译为汉语的因果复句。,The little girl who was afraid of waking her father walked quietly out of the room.,因为担心吵醒父亲，小女孩悄悄地走出了房间。,I did not watch the movie,which I thought uninte
13、resting.,我没看那部电影，因为我认为那部电影没意思。,The computer,which seems to play the role of a human brain,is often called an electronic brain.,由于电子计算机起着类似人脑的作用，所以常被称作电脑。,3.英语的某些原因状语从句可以译为汉语中不用关联词但内含有因果关系的并列分句。,Since its getting dark,lets stop and go home.,天黑了，我们停工回家吧。,Because he is extremely selfish,Bob never cares for other peoples interests.,鲍勃极端自私，他从不会关心别人的利益。,In winter,very few visitors travel in the north because it is extremely cold.,冬天，北方的天气相当寒冷，游客非常少。,
