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1、连 词conjunction,连词是一种虚词，它不能独立担任句子成分。用来连接词，短语，从句与句子。,连词主要可分为两类：并列连词从属连词,并列连词表示词，短语，从句或句子之间具有并列关系。可以表示平行关系，转折关系，选择关系 和因果关系。,and(和)both and（和,两者都）neither nor（既不也不）not only but also(不但 而且)as well as(和,也,除外,而且),1.表示平行关系的连词：,as well(也,而且,)用于句末.,他是一个科学家,而且也是一个诗人.,He is a scientist,but he is a poet as well.,
2、He is a scientist as well as a poet.,他们也会来吗?,Are they coming as well?,2.表示转折关系的连词:,but while(而,虽然)yet(可是)however(而)whereas(而)nevertheless(然而,不过),表示转折或对比1)but表示转折，while表示对比。Some people love cats,while others hate them.典型例题-Would you like to come to dinner tonight?-Id like to,_ Im too busy.A.and B.so
3、C.as D.but答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and，结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。2)notbut 意思为不是而是not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。They were not the bones of an animal,but(the bones)of a human being.,3.表示选择关系的连词,or(或则,否则)or else(否则)otherwise(要不然)eitheror(或者 或者)rather than(而不是),4.表示因果关系的连词,so for thus(因此)hence（因此）therefore（因此）consequen
4、tly（因而，所以）,表原因关系1)for判断改错：(错)For he is ill,he is absent today.(对)He is absent today,for he is ill.for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。2)so,thereforeHe hurt his leg,so he couldnt play in the game.,1 并列连词与并列结构判断改错：They sat down and talk about something.FThey started to dance and sang.F I saw two m
5、en sitting behind and whisper there.FShe plays not only the piano,but the guitar.TNeither you nor he are to blame.FMake up your mind,or youll get the chance.FThere is no air and water in the moon FNot only he like reading stories,but also he can even write some.F We will die without air and water.FW
6、e cant live without air and water.TSome people love cats,when others hate them.FThey were not the bones of an animal,and(the bones)of a human being.F,比较and和or 1)并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。2)但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点：There is no air or water in the moon.There is no air and no water on the moon.在否定中并列结构用o
7、r 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。典型例题-I dont like chicken _ fish.-I dont like chicken,_ I like fish very much.A.and；and B.and；butC.or；butD.or；and答案C。否定句中表并列用or,but 表转折。判断改错：(错)We will die without air and water.(错)We cant live without air or water.(对)We will die without air or water.(对)We cant live
8、 without air and water.,二.从属连词是用来引导连接主句和从句的连词。分为引导名词性从句的连词和引导状语 从句的连词。,1.引导名词性的从句,(1).that,whether,if 不充当成分.,(2).连接代词 who,whom,which,what 充当主,宾,定,表语等.,(3).连接副词 when,where,how,why 状语.,2.引导状语从句的连词,(1).时间:when,while,as 当时 when+瞬间,延续性动词 while+延续性动词 as+瞬间,延续性动词“一边一边”till/until,once,as soon as(一就),the mom
9、ent/instant(一就),no sooner than hardly when the moment,(2).原因:as because for since,For语气最弱,引导的分句放在句末.Because 语气最强,句首,句末均可.As(因为)置于句首.Since(既然)通常置于句首.,(3).地点:where,wherever,(4).条件:if,unless=if not,so/as long as suppose(that)假使 on condition that如果 provided/providing(that)倘使,如果,now that(既然)considering t
10、hat,(5).让步:though/although不与but连用.as(尽管),even if/though(即使)however(无论怎样),whatever no matter how/who/which,Although/though 和as(尽管)的区别:Although/though引导的从句用正常语序.As 引导的从句用倒装语序,即把as从句中的表语,状语或动词原形提至主语前.,尽管天气冷,可他仍继续工作.,Though it was cold,he went on working.,=Cold as it is,he went on working.,尽管你读得快,你也不能在三
11、天内读完这本书.,Fast as you read,you cant finish reading the book in three days.,Although you read fast,you cant finish reading the book in three days.,不管他怎样努力,还是摆脱不了困难.,Try as he might,he could nt get rid of the difficulty.,比较so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词m
12、any，few，much，little连用，形成固定搭配。so+adj.such+a(n)+n.so+adj.+a(n)+n.such+n.(pl.)so+adj.+n.(pl.)such+n.(pl.)so+adj.+n.不可数such+n.不可数,so foolish such a foolso nice a flowersuch a nice flowerso many/few flowers such nice flowersso much/little money.such rapid progressso many peoplesuch a lot of peopleso many
13、 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。,同义词的区别,1.when/while/as,when引导时间状语从句的谓语动词既可以是延续性的，也可以是终止性的。While引导时间状语从句的谓语动词只能是延续性的。When还可以表示“这时”while 表示前后对比as常可与when，while通用，但强调“一边、一边”。例如：As(when,while)I was walking down the street,I noticed a police car i
14、n front of number,He was doing his homework _ I came in.I came in _ he was doing his homework.He is tall _ his elder brother is short.He was playing football outside _ it began to rain.,when,when/while,while,when,Whether,2.because/as/for/sincebecauseas for since,语气最强，引导的从句可放在句首或句末，放在句首时常用逗号,表示原因语气不如
15、because强，常放句首,并列连词，语气最弱，对前面分句加以解释或表示推断的原因,“既然”，往往表示一些显而易见的原因，语气不如because强，常在句首,It must have rained last night,_ the ground is wet._ she was in bad mood,we left her alone.He is absent from school _ he is ill._ it was wet,we went there by bus._ a lot of people make mistakes in life,Mr.Smith wanted to
16、give John a chance.,for,As,because,Because/as,Since,3.Whether/if,（1）两者做“是否”讲时，可以互换（2）以下情况用whether不用if,放在句首引导同位语或补语从句在介词后面 直接与or not连用,We doubt _ it is true._ he comes or not has nothing to do with me.The question _ he should come himself or sent a letter must be decided soon.It depends on _ he will
17、come.We didnt know _ or not he was ready.,whether/if,Whether,whether,whether,whether,4.though/although/asthough/although引导让步状语从句可互换，但though与even连用，although不能“虽然”，引导让步状语从句though用正常语序，也可以倒装，as要倒装,尽管天气很冷，可他仍继续工作。（as）(though)虽然他还是个孩子，可懂得很多。(as)(though),Cold as it was,he went on working.,Though it was co
18、ld,he went on working.,Child as he is,he knows a lot.,Though he is a child,he knows a lot.,Child though he is,he knows a lot.,5、before作连词一般表示时间，意为“在之前”，但有些句子中这样译就显得别扭。He almost knocked me down before he saw me.Before I could get in a word he had measured me.,他几乎把我撞倒才看见我；,我还没来得及插话，他已经给我量好了尺寸。,6、as作从属
19、连词可引导多种状语从句。As(he was)a young man,he was a storekeeper and later a postmaster./He sang as he worked.We must do as the Party teaches us.As you are tired,you had better rest.Child as he is,he can do it well.(=Although he is a child,he can do it well.)I have the same book as you.,引导时间状语从句，意为“当时”。,引导方式状语从句，意为“象一样”。,引导原因状语从句。意为“由于”,引导让步状语从句。意为“虽然”、“尽管”,as做为关系代词还可以引导定语从句,
