《高级英语写作技巧.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高级英语写作技巧.ppt（88页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、应用文 信件、便条的套路,称呼第一段：写信的目的第二段：信件的具体内容第三段：表示希望、愿望落款、署名,2023/10/20,Dear Sir or Madam，I wish to apply for admission to your department as a graduate student.I am writing to ask whether it will be possible for you to grant me a full scholarship,considering my academic record and the fact that I have no re
2、latives or friends in America who can act as my sponsor.I completed a four-year course in chemistry at Beijing University last June.During my four years in the university,I have passed all the required courses of study with satisfactory marks.With Chemistry as my major,I minored in Physics and Mathe
3、matics.Enclosed herewith is my transcript from the department concerned.,My English is very good.I have been learning English since early childhood with the help of my father who is a professor of English in Fudan University,Shanghai.I therefore believe that I will not have language difficulties whi
4、le studying in the United States.I should be most grateful if you would give my request favorable consideration.Thank you very much and look forward to your reply.Sincerely yours,Wu Li,2.结尾部分如果说引言部分是从笼统到具体,把读者逐渐引入话题的话,那么结尾则是从具体到笼统,结束讨论。因此它的结构像一个正梯形：和正文结构正好相反，承接正文的具体讨论，在结尾部分先尽可能把讨论的东西归纳一下，然后逐渐离开主题。如：
5、,1)We can blame the isolation of the old in American on the young people.These old people may act like its not important,but in the deep part of their hearts they must feel lonely.They need their children to stay with,to talk with,and to take care of them.Why dont young Americans take a close look a
6、t their custom and adopt the Asian custom?,2)As a traditional teaching method,lectures will never disappear from the college scene.But they should be used selectively,for example,when ideas are new and cant be found in books,they will be welcome.And also discussion should be introduced into lecture
7、classes to trigger a fruitful line of thought.,提出建议,3)Science and common sense offer ways to minimize the risk of devastating climate change.We can slow down the building of CO2 in our atmosphere by increasing energy conservation;by protecting tropical forests;by designing automobiles that burn less
8、 gas;by turning to renewable energy sources such as solar,hydro,wind,and possibly nuclear power.Fortunately,we have the tools for preventing disaster.It only remains for us to use them.,提出建议，预示未来,4)Like every technology,the internet has both merits and demerits.But on the whole it has brought more b
9、enefits than harm.It has opened a new dimension in communication and revolutionized the way people think and live.Its profound effect on humans can hardly be imagined.,重提中心思想句，进一步表明对因特网的看法,好的结尾有什么作用呢？,画龙点睛：归纳，总结，概括全文的主旨内容,A)Some person say that love makes the world go round.Others of a less romantic
10、 and more practical turn of mind say that it isnt love;it is money.But the truth is that it is energy that makes the world go round.Energy is the currency of the ecological system and life becomes possible only when food is converted into energy,which in turn is used to seek more food to grow,to rep
11、roduce and to survive.On this cycle all life depends.,B)Yes,life-and death,too-is a cycle that goes round and round,and when animals die their bodies become food for other life forms to use by converting them into energy.And the cycle continues.,A)it is an undeniable fact that the advance of science
12、 and technology has brought great benefits to people.But when Im enjoying the convenience and comfort of telephones computers and microwaves,I miss very much our traditional culture whose loss is too high a price to pay.,B)I welcome the development of science and technology.I welcome new innovations
13、 and machines.But I hate the fact that man is more and more dependent on them to a point where we have become their slaves.I treasure traditional culture,for it embodies the very customs and values that sustain our friendship,family and spiritual life.,A)In colleges and universities,there are two ot
14、her ways to gain knowledge apart from regular classes.One is to pursue individual studies and the other is to attend lectures.While I attach importance to self-studies,I wont give up any opportunity to attend a good lecture.B)We need both individual studies and attending lectures.The former helps sh
15、arpen our awareness,and the latter contributes to broadening our minds.The secrets of academic success lie in the combination of both.,正文部分,怎样写好正文部分？一致性发展性连贯性,一致性（Unity）,文章中所有的内容都要围绕着文章的中心思想。,Turning Failure into Success,Too much emphasis on success is not a good thing.(thesis in introduction)P2.Cer
16、tain kinds of success can indeed be destructive.the danger of too success I particularly acute.I recall from my childhood a girl whose skill on ice skates marked her as“Olympic material”while the rest of us were playing,bicycling,reading and just loafing,this girl skated every day after school and a
17、ll weekend.Years later,however,she spoke bitterly of those early triumphs.“i never prepared myself for anything but the ice,she said,“I peaked at 17and its been downhill ever since.”,P3.Success that comes too easily is also damaging.The child who wins a prize for a carelessly-written essay,the adult
18、 who distinguishes himself at a first job by lucky accident faces probe disappointment when real challenges arise.P4.Successs is also bad when its achieved at the cost of the total quality of an experience.Successful students sometimes become so obsessed with grades that they never enjoy their schoo
19、l years.They never branch out into tempting new areas,because they dont want to risk their grade-point average.,主题句 支持句1 支持句2 支持句3,发展性（development）,发展性就是要充分发展段落的主题思想。通过不同的角度，用详尽的事实例证来说明。,例1,For many people,absence of work is harmful to their health.Obviously if you have nothing to do,your health wil
20、l be affected.Work is one wa to keep you healthy.If you dont work,it will do harm to your health.Just imagine,you stay at all day,doing nothing your health will be declining.Without work,without good health.So doing nothing will be harmful to ones health.,For a large number of people,the absence of
21、work is harmful to their health.Retirement often brings many people surrounding the“what do I do with myself today?”question,even though there may be no financial cares.Large numbers of people regularly get headaches and other illnesses on weekends when they dont have their jobs to go to,and must fe
22、nd for themselves.It has been observed that unemployment,quite aside from exerting financial pressures,brings enormous psychological troubles and that many individuals deteriorate rapidly when jobless.,例2,How to write a well-developed paragraph?,举例法数据法事实法权威法（名人名言）对比分析法类别法分析法（纯逻辑分析法）,连贯性（Coherence）,连
23、贯性是指文章中的句子之间，段落之间彼此相互关联，衔接自然，使读者能跟上作者的思路，引导读者自然地有上文过渡到下文。,段内句子连贯,句与句子之间的意思的连贯通过过渡词的衔接和词汇的衔接,Examples,Im study psychology.Im major in psychology.I showed much interesting on history.There are many advantage they each having.,In one hand,we can gain many knowledge from lectures,but this knowledge does
24、nt use perfectly in cocial.We just listen to professor,we cant discussion with professor or change information to others.Compare with past years,our life change more.,Listened to them told their interesting life in their young age every night.It is well-known that in colleges have lectures and discu
25、ssion two ways of education.,There are some people like lectures very much,they think the time that the teacher want to tell us at the class is limited.Just be a graduate student in your school is my dream.,I must study hard and read more different about psychologys book.They are two types of study
26、in college:lectures and discussing.The college always have two teaching methods,which are lectures and discussion.,The habit of listening to teachers and writing down are difficult to be got rid of.It can open a new horizon for you and save you much time as well time we might spend reading one book
27、after another.,in high schoolin classby handgo to school at hospital,写作短语与句式,开头句提出个人观点罗列各个原因或方面罗列正反方面的论据分析原因和结果提出解决办法表示问题的重要性进行总结描写图表的表达法描写数据变化的表达法,开头句：,It is a fact thatIt can be seen thatIt is well known thatAn increasing number of people come to realize thatThere is no doubt thatThere is no denyi
28、ng the fact thatIt is undeniable thatNow it is commonly accepted that,开头句：,People used to hold a belief thatIt is generally believed thatNowadays people tend to Nowadays more and more people are concerned with the problem thatWhen it comes to the issue of With the rapid development of Different peop
29、le have different opinions on,提出个人观点：,As for me,For my part,As far as I am concerned,I am in favor of I am on the side ofIn my opinion,I agree to,罗列各个原因或方面,In the first place,/In the second place,Firstly,/Secondly,First of all,/The second reason isFor one thing,/For another thing,The first and forem
30、ost important is/The last but not the least is,罗列正反方面的论据,On one hand,/On the other hand,On the contrary,/In contrast,However,Otherwise,unlikeIn opposition to,Nevertheless,On the opposite side,分析原因和结果：,There are a number of reasons for and among them is the most import one.The reasons can be listed a
31、s follows.What possibly contributes to the problem is thatThe primary reason for is that,分析原因和结果：,is chiefly/partially responsible for the problem.One may owe this problem to Quite a number of reasons lead to will account forThe problem results from,提出解决办法：,Perhaps the best way to solve this problem
32、 is to Many workable solutions have been found to dealing with this problem.Here are some suggestsions that we shouldMy suggestions is thatAction should be taken to We should take some measures toThere is no easy/immediate solution to the issue of but may be helpful.,表示问题的重要性：,It is very important t
33、oIt is of great importance toIt is vital to is playing an important role inNo one can afford to neglectWithout we cannotWe will pay heavily if we ignore,进行总结：,To conclude,To sum up,To sum up in one word,Summing up,Summing up in one word,It can be concluded thatA conclusion can be reached thatIn all,
34、In a word,描写图表的表达法：,It has been shown thatAccording to the table/diagram/chart,we can see that The table/diagram/chart has revealed that,描写数据变化的表达法,According to the table/diagram/chart,the number of is much bigger that the number of From the table/diagram/chart,we can see that the rate of is higher
35、thatAs can bee seen in the table/diagram/chart,there are more thanThe number of is as large as The number of has increased sharply from to The number of is declining dramatically from to,写作过程中应注意的问题,主谓不一致；人称不一致；被动语态用法不当；滥用助动词；谓语动词形式错误；,名词单复数形式错误；可数名词与不可数名词方面的错误；语法结构平行方面错误；冠词用法的错误；,写作短语与句式,开头句提出个人观点罗
36、列各个原因或方面罗列正反方面的论据分析原因和结果提出解决办法表示问题的重要性进行总结描写图表的表达法描写数据变化的表达法,开头句：,It is a fact thatIt can be seen thatIt is well known thatAn increasing number of people come to realize thatThere is no doubt thatThere is no denying the fact thatIt is undeniable thatNow it is commonly accepted that,开头句：,People used
37、to hold a belief thatIt is generally believed thatNowadays people tend to Nowadays more and more people are concerned with the problem thatWhen it comes to the issue of With the rapid development of Different people have different opinions on,提出个人观点：,As for me,For my part,As far as I am concerned,I
38、am in favor of I am on the side ofIn my opinion,I agree to,罗列各个原因或方面,In the first place,/In the second place,Firstly,/Secondly,First of all,/The second reason isFor one thing,/For another thing,The first and foremost important is/The last but not the least is,罗列正反方面的论据,On one hand,/On the other hand
39、,On the contrary,/In contrast,However,Otherwise,unlikeIn opposition to,Nevertheless,On the opposite side,分析原因和结果：,There are a number of reasons for and among them is the most import one.The reasons can be listed as follows.What possibly contributes to the problem is thatThe primary reason for is tha
40、t,分析原因和结果：,is chiefly/partially responsible for the problem.One may owe this problem to Quite a number of reasons lead to will account forThe problem results from,提出解决办法：,Perhaps the best way to solve this problem is to Many workable solutions have been found to dealing with this problem.Here are so
41、me suggestsions that we shouldMy suggestions is thatAction should be taken to We should take some measures toThere is no easy/immediate solution to the issue of but may be helpful.,表示问题的重要性：,It is very important toIt is of great importance toIt is vital to is playing an important role inNo one can a
42、fford to neglectWithout we cannotWe will pay heavily if we ignore,进行总结：,To conclude,To sum up,To sum up in one word,Summing up,Summing up in one word,It can be concluded thatA conclusion can be reached thatIn all,In a word,描写图表的表达法：,It has been shown thatAccording to the table/diagram/chart,we can s
43、ee that The table/diagram/chart has revealed that,描写数据变化的表达法,According to the table/diagram/chart,the number of is much bigger that the number of From the table/diagram/chart,we can see that the rate of is higher thatAs can bee seen in the table/diagram/chart,there are more thanThe number of is as l
44、arge as The number of has increased sharply from to The number of is declining dramatically from to,基本表达,越来越:be increasingly+adj.,be on the rise人们认为:It is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that许多问题:a host of/a multitude of problems引起人们的注意:attract general/public attention to sth.意识到:there id a gr
45、owing awareness/realization of/that,awaken sb.to the fact/danger,接触各种思想/经历,问题:be exposed to new ideas/experiences/probems接触社会:come into frequent/close contact with the world/society获得成功:achieve/accomplish success提出观点,建议:advance/put forward/come up with arguments/ideas/suggestions作出努力:make tremendous
46、/persistent/sustanined effort to do sth.,take great pains to do影响学习,工作:interfere with studies/work,产生影响:have/exert a profound influence on life/personality,have a dramatic effect on较好驾驭:be a better pilot of ones life剥夺机会/权利:deprive oneself of the chance/right/opportunity取代旧的方式:substitute for/take th
47、e place of the old way采取措施:take effective steps/measures to躲避危险/挑战:shy/run away from the dangers/challenge满足要求:meet/satisfy the demand of,补偿损失:compensate for/make for the loss/damage解释某种现象:account for/explain the phenomenon对 很好的了解:have a better understanding/appreciation of,provide/gain an insight i
48、nto把某因素考虑进去:take sth.Into account(consideration),give much thought to品味人生,自由,青春:savor the life/freedom/youth,培养对兴趣,信心:develop/foster ones interest/confidence in 经历变化,困难,艰险:undergo/experience great changes/hardships生活充满不公正的地方:life is full of injustice追求学习职业:pursue ones academic interest/professional
49、career学习知识,技术:pursue/acquire knowledge/technology被看作学习的榜样:be held up as an good example,交流经验/知识:share experience knowledge发挥,起重要作用:play an important/great role/part逃学,缺课:skip school/a class/a lecture知识,经验丰富:rich in knowledge/experience确立/追求目标:set/persue a goal达到目标:achieve/accomplish/attain the goal/
50、aim/objective克服困难:overcome obstacles/difficulty,面临危险,困难:be confronted faced with/in the face of danger/difficulty阻碍了成功:stand in the way of success阻碍了发展:hamper/stunt the development of 持传统的看法:hold conventional wisdom发表看法:voice/express ones opinion持相反/合理的看法:take the opposite/fresh view,缩小差别:bridge/nar
