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1、动词是表示动作和状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气3种形式的变化。1、动词按其能否独立作谓语而分为：“谓语动词”和“非谓语动词”两种。非谓语动词可分为动名词、分词（现在分词和过去分词）和不定式3种。2、动词的5种基本形式：动词原形、第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。,动词时态 在英语中，不同时间发生的动作或存在的状态，要用不同的动词形式来表示，这就叫做动词的时态。,1、一般现在时2、一般过去时3、现在将来时4、过去将来时5、现在进行时6、过去进行时,7、将来进行时8、现在完成时9、过去完成时10、将来完成时11、现在完成进行时12、过去完成进行时,一般现在时 1 一般现在时的构成 一般现
2、在时主要用动词原形来表示。主语是第三人称单数时，动词后面要加-s或-es。They want good jobs.The coat matches the dress.This work does not satisfy me.Do you understand?,2一般现在时的用法 一般现在时的基本用法 a.表示现在习惯性的动作或存在状态 He always takes a walk after supper.Everyone is in high spirits now.b.表示客观事实或普遍真理 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west
3、.Sound travels faster through water than it does through air.Time and tide wait for no man.,c.表示主语的特征、能力和状态 This cloth feels soft.I love classical music.The President still seems able to find time to go fishing.d.表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作 The meeting begins at 7:00.We leave here at 8:00 sharp.,e.在时间、条件、让步等状语从
4、句中表示将来动作 When you come next time,bring me some magazines.If time allows,we shall go there tomorrow.Whether he agrees or not,I will stay at home.,一般现在时的特殊用法 a.用于新闻标题或图片说明中 China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow b.用于体育运动、表演等实况报道中 Francis slips past,passes the ball to
5、 Yao Ming,who jumps,catches and shoots it into the basket.Now,look,I press the button and turn on the machine.,c.表示现在瞬间的动作 Here comes the bus.There goes the bell.,一般过去时 1.一般过去时的构成 一般过去时是用动词的过去式来表示。His words fetched a laugh from all present.I did not sleep well last night.Did you direct the tourist t
6、o the hotel?,2一般过去时的用法 一般过去时的基本用法 a.表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态 He suddenly fell ill yesterday.The engine stopped because the fuel was used up.,注意注意语感 在一般过去时的句子中，通常都要有表示过去的时间状语。【误】I visited the Palace Museum.（在没有上下文的情况下，应避免这样说）【正】I visited the Palace Museum last year.【正】I have visited the Palace Museum.,b
7、.表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态 I wrote home once a week at college.He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.提示：表过去的习惯性动作，除了用过去式外，还可用used to或would来表示。She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.He would sit for hours doing nothing.,c.表示过去连续发生的一系列动作 She entered the room,
8、picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.The students got up early in the morning,did morning exercises and then read English aloud in the open air.,d.在时间、条件状语从句中表示过去将要发生的动作 We would not leave until the teacher came back.She told me she would not go if it rained the next day.,一般过去时的特殊用法
9、在虚拟语气中表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态 Its time we went.I wish I were twenty years younger.I would rather you didnt do anything for the time being.,现在将来时 1 现在将来时的构成 由“will/shall+动词原形”构成的。shall只限于第一人称，主要见于英国英语，现在的趋势是第一、二、三人称的单复数形式均用will表示。在口语中，shall和will常缩写成“ll”，紧接在主语之后。其否定式shall not 和will not 常简略为shant 和 wont。,Ill g
10、o and shut the door.When will you know your exam results?I can see youre busy,so I wont stay long.提示：在you and I或both of us等短语后，只用will，不用shall。You and I will arrive there next Monday.Both of us will graduate from middle school next year.,2现在将来时的用法 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态 I shall be free this afternoon.Therel
11、l be no English classes tomorrow.They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday.,注意：在口语中，常用will/shall+be doing 结构来代替will/shall+动词原形，以表示生动。Ill be seeing a friend off at the airport.Hell be going with us tomorrow.,表示将要反复发生的动作 My uncle will come to see me every Saturday.The students will have five
12、 English classes per week this term.表示同意或答应做某事 That bag looks heavy.Ill help you with it.I wont tell anyone what happened,I promise.,表示一种倾向或推测 Flowers will die without water.Water will change into ice at 0.This will be your sister,I guess.,3现在将来时的常用结构 用于“I expect,Im sure,I think,I wonder+宾语从句”中 Dont
13、 worry about the exam.Im sure youll pass.I wonder what will happen.I dont think the test will be very difficult.用于“祈使句+and+陈述句”中 Work hard and you will succeed.Go at once and you will see her.,与表示时间或条件的状语从句连用 Ill let you know as soon as he arrives.If you ask him,he will help you.We shall go unless i
14、t rains.,4将来时间的其他表达法“be going to+动词原形”.这一结构常用于口语中。a.表示决定或打算要做某事 Im going to buy a new coat this winter.Are you going to play basketball after class?He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.What are you going to do today?,b.表示有迹象即将要发生什么事 Look at those black clouds.It is going to rain.The car is go
15、ing to turn over.There is going to be a snowstorm.,比较：“be going to+动词原形”与“will/shall+动词原形”的区别 1be going to通常表示很快就要发生的事，而will/shall既可表示不久的将来，也可表示长远的将来或不确定的将来。She is going to get better.（有恢复健康的迹象）She will get better.（认为最终会恢复健康的）,2will表示将来，通常是指事先无计划的意图，是临时决定的；be going to则表示事先有计划的意图，是经过考虑的。George phoned
16、 while you were out.Ok.Ill phone him back.（临时决定）Matthew phoned while you were out.Yes,I know.Im going to phone him back.（早有安排）,3表示有迹象显示将要发生某一动作时，要用be going to，不用will 或shall。I feel terrible.I think Im going to be sick.4be going to 可用于条件句，表示将来时间，will则不能。If you are going to attend the meeting,youd bett
17、er leave now.,be+动词-ing形式“be+动词的-ing形式”表示根据现在的计划或安排，预期将会发生某事，这种安排不容随意改变。在这一结构中，动词-ing形式通常是表示位置转移的动词，如arrive,come,go,leave,move,start,stay,get 以及eat,meet,see off,die等，并与表示将来的时间状语连用。如果没有时间状语，则所表示的动作有即将发生之意。,He is leaving for Xinjiang in a few days.I am dining out tonight.The plane is taking off soon.T
18、he old man is dying.,比较：“be+动词的-ing形式”和“be going to+动词原形”的异同 1表示按计划发生的动作时，可互换。We are moving to a new flat tomorrow.We are going to move to a new flat tomorrow.,2表示由于客观因素而产生的将来动作或状态时，用be going to结构，不用be+动词的-ing形式。You are going to fall if you climb that tree.（不可说 You are falling if.）Be careful.You are
19、 going to break that chair.（不可说 You are breaking that chair）,be+动词不定式 这一结构中的be，只有现在式(am,is,are)和过去式(was,were)两种形式。a.表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作 The highway is to be open to traffic in May.Am I to take over his work?b.用于条件句中强调按计划或安排将要发生的动作 If we are to take the 5:00 train,we must leave now.,c.表示命令或吩咐等。否定形式常表示“禁止
20、”或“不许”。You are to be back before 10 p.m.You are not to go out alone at night.,比较：“be+动词不定式”与“be going to+动词原形”的区别 1“be going to+动词原形”侧重说话人个人的意图和打算，“be+动词不定式”侧重受别人的指示或安排要做的事。Im going to try my best to write this article well.Am I to wait here till their arrival?,2表示由于客观因素或不受人控制的将要发生的动作时，只用“be going t
21、o+动词原形”，不用“be+动词不定式”。Its going to rain.（不说Its to rain.）Rachel is going to faint.,过去将来时 1过去将来时的构成 一般过去将来时是由“should/would+动词原形”构成的。He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris.They wanted to know how they would finish the homework earlier.,2过去将来时的用法 一般过去将来时间的出发点是过去，即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作和状态。a.过去将来时常
22、用于间接引语中 He said they would arrange a party.I asked if he would come and fix my TV set.,b.过去将来时可用来表示非真实的动作或状态 If I had a chance to study abroad,I would study at Cambridge University.I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight.（虚拟语气）,3过去将来时间其他表达法a.was/were going to+动词原形 He said that he was going
23、to live in the country when he retired.They thought it was going to rain.b.was/were+动词的-ing形式 Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes.,c.was/were+动词不定式 She said she was to clean the classroom after school.It was reported that another bridge w
24、as to be built across the Yangtse River.,提示：“was/were going to+动词原形”或“was/were+动词不定式完成式”可表示未能实现的过去将来时间的动作。Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall,but it rained.I was to have helped with the performance,but I got flu the day before.,d.was/were about to do“was/were about to do”表示说话的瞬间就会发生的动作
25、。I felt something terrible was about to happen.e.was/were on the point of doing Im glad you have come.I was on the point of calling you,but youve saved me the trouble now.,提示：“be about to do”和“be on the point of doing”结构一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用，但后面可以接when引导的分句。I was about to start when it suddenly began to r
26、ain.,现在进行时 1现在进行时的构成 现在进行时是由“am,is,are+现在分词”构成的。Im reading the evening newspaper.Now it isnt snowing outside.Are they playing soccer in the playground?,2 现在进行时的用法现在进行时的基本用法 a.表示说话的此刻正在进行的动作 通常由表示“此刻”的时间状语（now,at this moment），或通过Look/Listen!来表明此时此刻动作正在进行。She is making a fire now.Listen!Mary is singin
27、g an English song in the classroom.,b.表示现在时间段中正在进行的动作 They are planting trees on the hill these days.I dont really work here;I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.,c.表示按计划或安排将要发生的动作 能这样用动通常是arrive,begin,come,do,drive,fly,go,leave,stay 等表示位置转移的动词。这种用法比较生动，给人以一种期待感。Jane and Betty are g
28、oing on holiday in a few days.Where are you staying in Guangzhou?,现在进行时的特殊用法 a.表示一种重复的动作，带有“厌恶”、“赞叹”等感情色彩 现在进行时往往与constantly,always,forever等状语连用，给现在的动作披上一层感情色彩。Shes constantly complaining.My brother is always leaving things about.He is forever thinking of doing more for others.,b.表示某一具体动作或心理状态的发展过程
29、The house is falling down.The weather is changing for the better.注意：有时表示一个动作刚刚开始。Im forgetting my English.Food is costing more.,c.强调动作的重复 The train is arriving late almost every day this summer。Someone is knocking at the door.The boy is jumping with joy.,e.be动词的进行时态 be 动词一般不用于进行时态。但有时可用“am,is,are+be
30、ing+形容词”结构表示暂时或故意如此。The boy is being naughty.I dont think you are being fair.He is being modest.比较：You are not polite.（一贯如此）You are not being polite.（暂时）,3不用进行时态的动词 表示状态的动词，如seem,look,appear,have,belong to,own,hold等。This backpack belongs to me.He seems rather angry with you.,表示知道、信念、理解、推测、怀疑、希望等含义的动
31、词，如know,remember,understand,see,think,believe,suppose,hope,doubt等。I dont think he will come tomorrow.I still remember the days when we studied together.,提示：有时这些动词的进行时态可表示心理状态的缓慢发展过程。Shes understanding you better now.表示要求、心愿等意义的动词。如want,wish,need,desire等。Your clothes need washing.How I wish I were a
32、bird！,表示继续或持续含义的动词，如continue,keep,last,go on等。She still continues in poor health.Every day after finishing his homework,he goes on to do some reading.,表示感觉的动词 有see,hear,smell,taste,feel等。The apples taste good.This flower smells nice.Your suggestion sounds reasonable.注意：如果这些动词表示一种有意识的行为，则可用进行时态。She i
33、s tasting the apple.The dog is smelling the footprints.The bell is sounding for dinner.,过去进行时1过去进行时的构成过去进行时是由was/were+现在分词构成的。I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.Were you expecting him yesterday?They were not talking when I came in.,2过去进行时的用法过去进行时的基本用法表示在过去某一时刻正在发生的动作或该动作与过去的另一动作同时发生。I wa
34、s having supper at 7:00 yesterday evening.She was playing the piano while I was reading the newspaper.,表示过去一段时间内正在进行的动作。We were talking about you the whole morning.He was watching TV at home from 3:00 to 5:00 yesterday afternoon.表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。He told me that he was going soon.She said she was lea
35、ving for New York the next month.,过去进行时的特殊用法表示故事发生的背景。It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.,表示一个新的动作刚刚开始.过去进行时可用来引出一个新的动作，这种用法颇有点儿像镜头转换。Five minutes later,he was standing at the door,smoking.The baby was crying hard,and sudde
36、nly the crying stopped.,提示：过去进行时还可和 when 结构遥相呼应，含有”突然”之意。I was walking in the street when someone called me.我正在街上走时突然有人喊我。We were playing outside when it began to rain.,用来陈述原因或用作借口。She went to the doctor yesterday.She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.I havent finished my homework because I
37、 was helping my mother at home all day yesterday.,与always,constantly等词连用，表示感情色彩。The girl was always changing her mind.In the past he was constantly asking me for money.,将来进行时1将来进行时的构成将来进行时是由shall/will+be+现在分词构成的。Dont phone me between 8:00 and 10:00.Well be having classes then.Will you be using your
38、bicycle this evening?She wont be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow.,2将来进行时的用法将来进行时的基本用法表示在将来某一时间正在进行的动作。Ill be taking my holiday soon.They will be meeting us at the station.在口语中代替will/shall do。I hope you will be coming on time.Ill be seeing Mr Smith tomorrow.The minister will be giving
39、 a speech on international affairs.,将来进行时的特殊用法表示原因、结果或猜测。Please come tomorrow afternoon,Tomorrow morning Ill be having a meeting.(表原因)Stop the child or he will be falling over.(表结果)You will be making a mistake.(表推测),用在问句中，表示委婉礼貌。Will you be reading anything else?When shall we be meeting again?表示稍后的安
40、排。The students are studying Unit 3 this week,and next week theyll be studying Unit 4.My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.,现在完成时1现在完成时的构成现在完成时的构成形式是have/has+过去分词。现在完成时常被称为“与现在有联系的过去”，因此它不能与明确的过去时间状语连用。Someone has broken the window.I havent seen much of her lately.How long h
41、ave they been married?,2.现在完成时的用法表示结果的现在完成时现在完成时着眼于过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。这是现在完成时的“已完成”用法，表示动作或过程发生在说话之前就已完成，并与现在有联系。这种联系实际上就是“过去的动作”对现在的影响或产生的结果。,I have bought a pen.The temperature has increased by 10.Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.,我买了一支笔。(结果：I have a pen now.)温度上升了10摄氏度。(结果：It is qui
42、te hot now.)空气污染已经夺去了很多人的生命。(结果：Air pollution is very serious now.),*指点迷津*现在完成时的上下文时态必须呼应。【误】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now.我(过去)买了一支笔，但我已经把它丢了。,have bought表示你现在已经有笔了，这和后面的have lost有矛盾,【误】I have lost my pen but I have found it now.,have lost强调你现在已
43、经没有笔了，与后面have found的意思有冲突,【正】I lost my pen but I have found it now.我丢了一支笔，但现在已经找到了。,表示经历的现在完成时 强调过去某一时刻到说话时这段时间中的经历。Have you ever been to the Great Wall?I have visited Beijing at least ten times.She has never spent a holiday at the seaside.,表示延续的现在完成时这是现在完成时的“未完成”用法，表示一个动作或状态从过去某时开始，持续到现在，可能要继续下去。He
44、s loved fishing for a long time.他爱好钓鱼为时已久。I have lived here for more than thirty years.(也许还会继续住下去),*指点迷津*现在完成时的“未完成”用法既可用于动态动词(主要是持续动词)，也可用于状态动词，但它一般不适用于表示短暂动作或位置转移的动词，如：open,break,go,come,arrive,leave等。如用这类动词表示“未完成”，通常只限于否定结构。I havent seen a film for weeks.She hasnt written to me since September.,3
45、现在完成时的时间状语与现在完成时连用的时间状语-“已完成”现在完成时表示的动作或状态发生在现在时间以前的某个未明确指出的过去时间内，和它连用的时间状语要与现在时间有关，不能是明确地表示过去的时间状语。,不确定的过去时间状语：already,yet,before,recently,lately等。Ive seen the film before.我以前看过这部电影。Have you been there lately?近来你去过那里吗？,频度时间状语：often,sometimes,ever,never,once,rarely等。We have never heard of that.我们从未听
46、说过这事。He has sometime played tennis.他有时打网球。Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.大本钟很少出差错。,包含现在时间在内的时间状语：now,just,today,this morning,this week,this year等。I have just finished the letter now.我现在刚写完信。You have just missed the bus.你刚好错过公共汽车。Has he done much work today?他今天做了很多工作吗？,比较：already和yet用法上的区别：already常用于肯
47、定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，置于句末。但already有时也可用在疑问句中暗示惊讶的心情。She has already gone.Have you eaten your diner already?你已经吃过饭了？He has not come yet.他还没有来。,与现在完成时连用的时间状语-未完成与“已完成”用法一样，表示具体的过去的时间状语不能与“未完成”用法连用。与其连用的往往是指一段时间的状语以具体表示某一动作或状态持续了多久。,since+具体时间，表示动作或状态从何时开始。Since then,he has developed another bad habit
48、.自那以后他养成了另一个坏习惯。He hasnt been home since he graduated.他毕业后就没回过家。,for+一段时间，表示动作或状态持续了多久。We have worked here for ages.我们在这里工作很久了。There has been no rain here for nearly two months.这里已经近两个月没有下雨了。,until now,up till now,so far,up to the moment，到目前为止。I have not seen him so far.到目前为止我没见过他。Up to the present,
49、everything has been OK.到目前为止一切正常。,in/during the past/last five years,在刚刚过去的5年里。He has been away from school during the last two weeks.过去的两个星期里他没在学校。In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully.在过去的几年中他们已经和好几家跨国公司做成了生意。,all the while,all day 一直，一整天。Sh
50、e has been busy all day.她忙了一整天。4瞬间动词（终止性动词）与延续性动词及其转换常见的终止性动词与延续性动词的转换(强看下表),过去完成时 过去完成时的动作须在过去某一时间之前发生，即发生在“过去的过去”。1过去完成时的构成 过去完成时是由“had+过去分词”构成的。Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.Had he gone home when you arrived?,2过去完成时的用法“已完成”用法 表示某一动作或状态在过去某一时间之前或过去某一动作之前已经完成。句中常用by引导的时间状语或以 before,u
