《商务管理与沟通中英翻译.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《商务管理与沟通中英翻译.ppt（26页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、,McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies,All Rights Reserved.,Chapter 5,Planning,Composing&Revising,Good WritersFour Composing ActivitiesTime ManagementBrainstorm,Plan,&OrganizeRevise,Edit,and ProofreadFeedbackWriters Block,Ways Good Writers Write,Revise first draftsWrite regul
2、arlyBreak big jobs into small chunksFocus on purpose,audienceChoose from several different strategies Use rules flexiblyFinish a draft before editing text,Four Basic Composing Activities,Plan analyze,gatherWrite transform ideas into wordsRevise evaluate,get feedback,changeEdit correct grammar,typos,
3、1.Planning,Analyze problem,define purposes,analyze audiencesThink of information;gather itResearch:files,books,magazines,Web sitesChoose organization patternMake an outline,2.Writing,Put ideas into words on paper or screenMake a listJot notes Do stream-of-consciousness writingCreate formal draft,3.R
4、evising,Evaluate in terms of audience,goals,and situationWill audience understand it?Is it complete?Is it convincing;also,friendly?Get feedback from someone elseAdd,delete,substitute,or rearrange single words or large sections.,4.Editing,Focus on surface of message:Standard EnglishGrammar correct ty
5、pographical errors,More About Composing Activities,Dont have to do in 1-2-3 orderDont have to finish one to start anotherDont have to use all activities for every message,Writing&Time Management,1/3-Write,1/3-Analyze situation,gather information,organize message,1/3 Revise,edit,and proofread,Brainst
6、orm,Plan&Organize,When content isnt obviousBrainstormFreewriteClusterTalk to audiences,Brainstorm,Quickly jot all the ideas you canTry for a dozen ideas without stoppingWhen ideas run out,judge each idea on list,Freewrite,Write nonstop for 10 to 12 min.Read and identify best pointsRepeat Step 1 on c
7、lean page Keep all usable text,Cluster,Write topic at middle of pageWrite related ideas around itLook for patterns,repeated ideasGroup related ideas by colorUse groups to develop content,Cluster:Example,Talk to Your Audiences,Involve readers in planningHelps reduce the number of revisions,Revise,Edi
8、t&Proofread,Revise change content to satisfy purposes and audiencesEdit change mechanical flaws,grammar errorsProofread correct typing errors,When You Revise,Revise draft three times or moreContent and clarityOrganization and layoutGoodwill factorsYou-attitudePositive emphasisTone and style,When You
9、 Revise,continued,Try redrafting on blank page and use WIRMI:What I Really Mean IsRead the document from start to finishDo light revision when time is short,Revise Content&Clarity,Are all purposes met?Is needed information included,accurate,and clear?Is the message easy to read?Is each sentence clea
10、r?Is logic clear and convincing?Is logic backed up with details?,Revise Organization&Layout,Is organization pattern effective?Do ideas flow smoothly?Is visual design effective?Is emphasis appropriate?Are first and last paragraphs effective?,Visual Design=MarginsHeadingsFont sizeBulletsBold textWhite
11、 space,Recall 10 Easy-Reading Techniques Chapter 4,Revise Style&Tone,Does the message use you-attitude and positive emphasis?Is it friendly and bias-free?Does it convey goodwill?,When You Edit,Revise first;then editEdit hard copy,not screenCheck errors you often make:Sentence structureAgreement:subj
12、./verb,noun/pro.Punctuation,numbersWord usage,spelling,When You Proofread,Check with spell checker and by eyeSwap copy with proofing buddyRead once quickly for meaningRead again slowlyCorrect any error;reread that lineWhen you know text wellRead backward(short)Read pages out of order(long),Triple-Ch
13、eckNumbersHeadingsFirst Last Readers name,Use Feedback,Ask for feedback you wantApproach Benefits Tone GrammarHeed comments,even if you disagreeRephraseGive more detailsDocument sources,Overcome Writers Block,Prepare for writingWrite regularly and in moderationUse positive self-talk about writingTalk about writing with others,
