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1、1,生物专业英语BIOLOGICAL ENGLISH,生命科学学院 张小乐,2,一、教学目的及要求,（一）教学目的（Purpose）,1.To gain sufficient fundamental understanding of life science,and to be able to communicate in English the principles that underlie the properties and function of living material;理解生物学的基础知识和基本理论，学习用英语交流生物学的基本原理和现象；,3,2.To gain knowl
2、edge and skills of English relevant to careers either in biological sciences or in careers that utilize the informational content of,or are impacted by,research in biology;掌握与生命科学相关的英语知识和技能，为以后的学习和工作服务；3.To be able to use this information to analyze,evaluate and report new progress in research.能够用英语
3、来分析、评价和写作研究报告。,4,专业英语教学的主要目的是培养学生科技文献的阅读能力和初步的科技论文写作能力。其教学的重点即阅读 与写作。,5,（二）教学要求（Requirement）,1.Covers the fields of General Biology,Biochemistry and Molecular 注重加强学生在以上领域对生物学词汇的熟悉；,6,3.Introduces common scientific terms;介绍普通科技英语词汇；4.Gives a brief look at the composition of scientific papers;介绍科技论文写作
4、的基本规律；5.Offers the opportunity to practice literature searching and writing scientific paper.练习科技文献检索和科技论文写作。,7,二、专业英语的特点,（一）专业英语词汇特点：专业英语词汇的特点表现在：(1)技术词汇多(2)二次技术词汇多(3)特用词多(4)功能词如：介词，连词，短语，代词多专业词汇的构词法中以派生词最多，合成词其次，有一定量的转换词。,8,Photosynthesis(光合作用)microtubule(微管)microfilament(微丝)Electrophoresis(电泳)DNA
5、（deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸）CoA（Coenzyme A）UV（Ultra-violet）AIDS(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome),9,生物学专业词汇（词根）,1、表示数量的词根2、表示颜色的词根3、表示方位和程度的词根4、表示摄食的词根5、表示动物不同器官和组织的词根,10,1.表示数量的词素,1）haplo,mono,uni 单，一，独,haploid 单倍体；monoxide 一氧化物；monoatomic 单原子的；,2）bi,di,dipl,twi,du 二，双，两，偶,bicolor 双色；dichromati
6、c 双色的；diplobacillus 双杆菌；dikaryon 双核体；twin 孪生；dual 双重的；,11,3）tri 三，丙,triangle 三角；triacylglycerol 三酰甘油；tricarboxylic acid cycle 三羧酸循环；,4）quadri,quadru,quart,tetr,tetra 四,quadrilateral 四边的；quadrivalent 四价的；quadruped 四足动物；tetrode 四极管；tetracycline 四环素；,12,5）pent,penta,quique 五,pentose 戊糖；pentagon 五角形；pen
7、tane 戊烷；quintuple 五倍的；pentomer 五邻粒；,6）hex,hexa,六,hexose 已糖；hexapod 六足动物；hexapoda 昆虫纲；hexamer 六聚体；,13,7）hepta,sept(i)七,heptane 庚烷；heptose 庚糖；heptoglobin 七珠蛋白；,8）oct 八,octpus 章鱼；octagon 八角形；octane 辛烷；octase 辛糖；,14,9）enne,nona 九,nonapeptide 九肽；enneahedron 九面体；,10）deca,deka 十,decapod 十足目动物；decahedron 十面
8、体；decagram 十克；,15,11）hecto 百,hectometer 百米；hectoliter 百升；hectowatt 百瓦；,12）kilo 千,kilodalton(KD)千道尔顿；kilobase 千碱基；kiloelectron volt 千电子伏特；,16,13）deci 十分之一，分,decimeter 分米；decigram 十分之一克；,14）centi 百分之一,15）milli 千分之一，毫,millimole 毫摩（尔）；milliliter 毫升；,centipoise 百分之一泊(粘度单位),17,16）micro 百万分之一，微，微小，微量,micro
9、gram 微克；microogranism 微生物；microecology 微生态学；micropipet 微量移液器；,17）nano 十亿分之一，毫微，纳,nanosecond 十亿分之一秒；nanometer 纳米；,18,18）demi,hemi,semi 半,demibariel 半桶；hemicerebrum 大脑半球；semiopaque 半透明；semi-allele 半等位基因；semi-conductor 半导体；,19）holo 全，整体，完全,holoenzyme 全酶；holoprotein 全蛋白；holocrine 全（质分）泌；,19,20）mega 巨大，兆
10、，百万,megaspore 大孢子；megabasse 兆碱基；megakaryocyte 巨核细胞；megavolt 兆伏；megalopolitan 特大城市；,21）macro 大，巨大，多,macrophage 巨噬细胞；macrogamete 大配子；macroelement 常量元素；macromolecular 大分子；,20,polyacrylate 聚丙烯酸酯；polymerase 聚合酶；multichain 多链的；multinucleate 多核的；multicistronic mRNA 多顺反子mRNA；multicopy 多拷贝；,22）poly,multi,mul
11、t 多，复合,21,2.表示颜色的词素,1）chrom 颜色,chromophore 生色团；chromosome 染色体；chromatography 色谱法；,2）melan,melano,nigr 黑,melanoma 黑素瘤；melanin 黑色素；melanophore 黑色素细胞；,22,3）xantho,flavo,fla,flavi,lute 黄,xanthophyl 叶黄素；xanthous 黄色的，黄色人种；xathine 黄嘌呤；flavin(e)黄素；flavone 黄酮；lutein 黄体素，叶黄素；flavin adenine dinucleotide(FAD)黄素
12、腺嘌呤二核苷酸；,23,4）erythro,rub,rubrm,ruf 红,erythrocyte 红细胞；erythromycin 红霉素；erythropoitin(EPO)促红细胞生成素；,5）chloro,chlor 绿，氯,chlorophyll 叶绿素；chloride 氯化物；chloramphenicol 氯霉素；,24,6）cyan,cyano 蓝，青紫色，氰,cyanophyceae 蓝藻纲；cyanobacteria 蓝细菌；cyanide 氰化物；,7）aur,glid,chrys 金色,aureomycin 金霉素；chrysose 金藻淀粉；chrysanthemu
13、m 菊花；glid stone 金沙石；glid 镀金；,25,leucine 亮氨酸；leukaemia=leucosis 白血病；bleaching powder 漂白粉；albomycin 白霉素；,8）leu,leuco,leuk,leuko,blan,alb 无色，白色,26,3.表示方位和程度的词素,1）endo,ento 内，在内,endocrine 内分泌；endocytosis 胞吞作用；endogamy 近亲繁殖；endolysin 内溶素；entoderm 内胚层；,27,2）ec,ect,exc,extra 外，外面，表面,ectoblast 外胚层；ectoparas
14、ite 外寄生生物；extract 抽取，浸出；,3）meso 中，中间,mesosphere 中圈，中层；mesoplast 中胚层质；,28,4）intra,intro,inter 在内，向内,intra-allelic interaction 等位基因内相互作用；intracellular（细）胞内的；Interurban 城市之间,5）centri,centro,medi,mid 中心，中央，中间,centrifuge 离心；centriole 中心粒；centrosome 中心体；centrogeng 着丝基因；,29,6）epi,peri 上，外，旁,epidermal growt
15、h factor(EGF)表皮生长因子；epibranchial 上鳃的；perilune 近月点；,7）sub,suc,suf,sug 下，低，小,suborder 亚目；submucosa 粘膜下层；subclone 亚克隆；subcellular 亚细胞；subsection 小节，分部；,30,8）super,supra 上，高，超,superconductor 超导体；superfluid 超流体；superoxide 超氧化物；supramolecular 超分子的；,9）hyper 超过，过多,hypersensitive 过敏的；hyperelastic 超弹性的；hypert
16、ension 高血压；hyperploid 超倍体；,31,10）hypo 下，低，次,hypoglycaemia 低血糖；hypotension 低血压；hypophysis 脑下垂体；,11）iso 等，相同，同,iso-osmotic 等渗的；isopod 等足目动物；isotope 同位素；,32,12）oligo，olig 少，低，寡，狭,oligohaline 狭盐性；oligogene 寡基因；oligomer 寡聚体；oligophagous 寡食性；oligarchy 寡头政治；,13）eury 多，宽，广,eurythermal 广温的；euryhaline 广盐性；eur
17、ytopic species 广幅种；,33,14）ultr 超,ultra-acoustics 超声学；ultra-structure 超微结构；ultroviolet 紫外线；,15）infra 下，低，远,infralittoral 远岸的；infrahuman 类人生物；infrared 红外线的；infrastructure 基础结构，基本结构；,34,4.表示摄食的词素,1）vore 食动物，-vorous食动物的,algivore 食藻动物；carnivore 食肉动物；herbivore 食草动物；omnivore 杂食动物；,2）-phage吃（食）食生物（体）-phagou
18、s吃（食）的,phage 噬菌体；phagocyte 吞噬细胞；zoophage 食肉动物；saprophage 腐食者；,35,5.表示动物不同器官和组织的词素,1）cephal,capit,cran 头，头颅,2）cyte 细胞,3）carn,my,mya,myo 肉，肌肉,4）haem,haemat,hem,aem,sangul 血,5）soma,corp 体，身体,6）some,plast 体，颗粒,36,7）hepa,hepat 肝,heparin 肝素；hepatopancreas 肝胰腺；hepatocyte 肝细胞；hepatoma 肝癌；,8）ren,nephr 肾,adrn
19、al 肾上腺的；nephridia 肾管；nephron 肾单位；,37,9）card,cord 心,cardiotoxin 心脏毒素；cardiovascular center 心血管中枢；electrocardiogram 心电图；concord 一致，和谐；,10）ophthalm,ocell,ocul 眼,ophthalmology 眼科学；ophthalmia 眼炎；ophthalmologist 眼科专家；,38,11）branchi 鳃,filibranch 丝鳃；lamellibrnch 瓣鳃；sencondary branchium 次生鳃；,12）brac,brachi 腕
20、，手臂,brachiolaria 短腕幼虫；brachionectin 臂粘连蛋白；bracelet 手镯；,39,13）dent,odont 牙齿,dentin 牙质；odontphora 齿舌；odontoblast 成牙质细胞；,14）plum 羽,plumatus 羽状的；plumule 绒毛；plumage（鸟的）羽毛；,follicle 滤泡；foiling 叶形；foliage 叶子；foliose 多叶的；,15）foli,foil 叶,40,主要体现科技英语的特点（语言精练，逻辑性强，描述客观，其中语言精练是其风格，描述客观是其本质）。Because most plants
21、are able to undergo photosynthesis,they do not depend on other organisms for energy.,（二）专业英语语法特点：,41,（1）长句多（可使句意表达严谨）Biology is such a broad field,covering the minute chemical reactions inside our cells,to broad scale concepts of ecosystems and global climate change.,42,英语长句的分析,造成长句的原因,1、修饰语过多,2、并列成
22、分多,3、语言结构层次多,43,分析方法,6、注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。,1、找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语，从整体上把握句子的结构。,2、找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。,3、分析从句和短语的功能，例如，是否为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句等。若是状语，它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等。,4、分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系，例如，定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪一个等。,5、注意插入语等其他成分。,44,例1.Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment whe
23、re there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.,行为主义者认为，如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素，这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展，那么，儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。,45,例2.For a family of four,for example,it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably
24、at home,with almost unlimited entertainment available,than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.,譬如，对于一个四口之家来说，舒舒服服地在家中看电视，就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目，这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。,46,长句的翻译方法,1、顺序法。当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。,47,例1.Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep，electricity is
25、working for us，driving our refrigerators，heating our water，or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.,即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时，电仍在为我们工作：帮我们开动电冰箱，把水加热，或使室内空调机继续运转。,48,例2.But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited,and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their“expectation o
26、f life”,the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.,可是现在人们意识到，其中有些矿物质的蕴藏量是有限的，人们甚至还可以比较合理的估计出这些矿物质“可望存在多少年”，也就是说，经过若干年后，这些矿物的全部已知矿源和储量将消耗殆尽。,49,2、逆序法。英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。,50,例1.Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century,becaus
27、e nowhere in nature is it found free,owing to its always being combined with other elements,most commonly with oxygen,for which it has a strong affinity.,铝总是跟其他元素结合在一起，最普遍的是跟氧结合；因为铝跟氧有很强的亲和力，由于这个原因，在自然界找不到游离状态的铝。所以，铝直到19世纪才被人发现。,51,例2.It therefore becomes more and more important that,if students are
28、 not to waste their opportunities,there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice.,因此，如果要使学生充分利用他们(上大学)的机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详尽的信息，作更多的指导。这个问题显得越来越重要了。,52,3、分句法。有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句的从句或短语化成句子，分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯，有时需要适当增加词语。,53,例1.The number of the
29、 young people in the United States who cant read is incredible about one in four.,大约有1/4的美国青年人没有阅读能力，这简直令人难以置信。,54,例2.Television,it is often said,keeps one informed about current events,allow one to follow the latest developments in science and politics,and offers an endless series of programmes whi
30、ch are both instructive and entertaining.,人们常说，通过电视可以了解时事，掌握科学和政治的最新动态。从电视里还可以看到层出不穷、既有教育意义又有娱乐性的新节目。,55,4、综合法。上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法，事实上，在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法，而是要求我们把各种方法综合使用，这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下，一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便，这就需要我们的仔细分析，或按照时间的先后，或按照逻辑顺序，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句
31、子。,56,例1.People were afraid to leave their houses,for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency,they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.,尽管警察已接到命令,要作好准备以应付紧急情况,但人们不敢出门,因为警察也和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。,57,例2.Taking his cue from Ibsens A Dolls House,in which the heroin
32、e,Nora,leaves home because she resents her husbands treating her like a child,the writer Lu Xun warned that Nora would need money to support herself;she must have economic rights to survive.,易卜生的剧作玩偶之家中的女主人公娜拉离家出走，因为她憎恶她的丈夫像对待孩子一样来对待她。作家鲁迅从中得到启示，从而告诫人们娜拉得需要钱来养活自己，她要生存就必须有经济上的权利。,58,（2）被动语态使用频繁（描述客观）
33、；,It has been found experimentally that the ratio of the amounts of adenine(腺嘌呤）to thymine（胸腺嘧啶）,and the ratio of guanine（鸟嘌呤）to cytosine（胞嘧啶）,are always very close to unity for deoxyribose nucleic acid（DNA）,59,（3）名词性词组多；分词使用频繁；介词短语多（可使语言精练）；Gene therapy involves the repair or correction of the mach
34、inery。基因治疗包括遗传系统的修复或纠正（4）专业术语多；缩略词多；合成词多；插图，表格，公式，数字所占比例大。,60,三、生物学专业英语的内容,(1)掌握构词法（派生，转换，合成），扩大词汇量。(2)阅读英文原始文献资料，扩大知识面，掌握生物学专业英语的语言规律，提高阅读，写作，翻译水平以及实际应用生物学专业英语的能力。(3)巩固英语基础知识，提高应用英语的能力（大学英语教学大纲要求大学生修完大学英语基础课程后必须学习专业英语。）,61,四、生物学专业英语的学习方法,（1）识记专业词汇，扩大阅读范围（2）巩固英语语法基础，掌握科技英语的语言特点（3）针对应用文体加强翻译、写作练习,62,
35、五、生物学专业英语参考资料,新时代出版社1BA（Biological Abstracts）；Science(USA)；Nature(GB.)英汉生物学词典（第三版）英汉大学生物学词汇金山词霸On-Line Biology Book,63,Scope of field in Biology,Biology：The science of living organisms,concerned with the study of embryology(胚胎学),anatomy(解剖学),physiology,cytology,morphology,taxonomy,genetics,evolution
36、,and ecology.生物学,64,Biochemistry：The study of the chemical substances that occur in living organisms,the processes by which these substances enter into or are formed in the organisms and react with each other and environment,and the methods by which the substances and processes are identified，charac
37、terized,and measured（Chemical processes associated with living things.）生物化学,65,Anatomy：The branch of morphology concerned with the gross(总的)and microscopic structure of animal,especially humans.解剖学Immunology：The division of biological science concerned with the native or acquired resistance of highe
38、r animal forms and humans to infection with microorganisms.免疫学,66,Biophysics：The hybrid science involving the methods and ideas of physics and chemistry to study and explain the structures of living organisms and the mechanics of living processes.生物物理学,67,Cytology：The branch of biological science th
39、at deals with the structure,behavior,growth,and reproduction of cells and the function and chemistry of cells and cell component.细胞学,68,Ecology：The study of the interrelationships between organisms and their environment.生态学 Embryology：The study of the development of the organisms and the zygote(受精卵)
40、,or fertilized egg.胚胎学,69,Evolution：The processes of biological and organic change in organisms by which descendants（后代）come to differ from their ancestors,and a history of the sequence of such change.生物进化,70,Genetics：The science concerned with biological inheritance(遗传),that is,with the causes of t
41、he resemblances and differences among related individuals.遗传学 Histology：The study of their structure and chemical composition of animal tissues as related to their function.组织学,71,Molecular biology：The branch of biology which attempts to interpret(解释)biological events in term of the molecules in the
42、 cell.分子生物学 Taxonomy：The science of animal and plant classification.分类学,72,Physiology：The branch of biological science concerned with the basic activities that occur in cells and tissues of living organisms and involving physical and chemical studies of these organisms.生理学,73,Microbiology：The scienc
43、e and study of microorganisms,especially bacteria and rickettsiae（源自哈瓦德泰勒 立克次，美国病理学家,1871-1910年）and of antibiotic substances.Virology：The science that deals with the study of viruses.病毒学Mycology：A branch of biological science concerned with the study of fungi.真菌学,74,Botany：The branch of biological s
44、cience that focuses on the study of plants and plant life,including algae;deals with taxonomy,morphology,physiology,and other aspects.植物学,75,Paleontology：The study of life in the geologic past as record by fossil remains.古生物学Paleobotany：The study of fossil plants and vegetation of the geologic past.
45、古植物学,76,Zoology：The science that deals with the taxonomy,behavior,and morphology of animal life.动物学Vertebrate zoology：A branch of zoology concerned with the taxonomy,behavior,and morphology of vertebrate animals.脊椎动物学Invertebrate zoology：A branch of zoology concerned with the taxonomy,behavior,and m
46、orphology of invertebrate animals.无脊椎动物学,77,Inside the Living Cell:Structure andFunction of Internal Cell Parts,1.Cytoplasm:The Dynamic,Mobile Factory细胞质：动力工厂Most of the properties we associate with life are properties of the cytoplasm.Much of the mass of a cell consists of this semifluid substance,
47、which is bounded on the outside by the plasma membrane.Organelles are suspended within it,supported by the filamentous network of the cytoskeleton.Dissolved in the cytoplasmic fluid are nutrients,ions,soluble proteins,and other materials needed for cell functioning.生命的大部分特征表现在细胞质的特征上。细胞质大部分由半流体物质组成，
48、并由细胞膜（原生质膜）包被。细胞器悬浮在其中，并由丝状的细胞骨架支撑。细胞质中溶解了大量的营养物质，离子，可溶蛋白以及维持细胞生理需求的其它物质。,78,2.The Nucleus:Information Central 细胞核：信息中心The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and houses the genetic material(DNA)on chromosomes.(In prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the nucleoid.)The nucleus
49、 also contains one or two organelles-the nucleoli-that play a role in cell division.A pore-perforated sac called the nuclear envelope separates the nucleus and its contents from the cytoplasm.Small molecules can pass through the nuclear envelope,but larger molecules such as mRNA and ribosomes must e
50、nter and exit via the pores.真核细胞的细胞核是最大的细胞器，细胞核对染色体组有保护作用（原核细胞的遗传物质 存在于拟核中）。细胞核含有一或二个核仁，核仁促进细胞分裂。核膜贯穿许多小孔，小分子可以自由通过核膜，而象mRNA和核糖体等大分子必须通过核孔运输。,79,3.Organelles:Specialized Work Units（细胞器：特殊的功能单位）All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds of organelles,and each organelle performs a speciali
