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1、四级新题型段落翻译,交大讲师：桂妙妙March.2014,2013年12月新题型大学英语四级考试,翻译题型,新改革后翻译题型:段落翻译（汉译英,测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力。分值比例：15%考试时间：30分钟。内容：中国历史、文化、经济、社会发展 长度：140-160个汉字；,PartIVTranslation(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefromChineseintoEnglish.Youshouldwriteyour answeronAnswerShee
2、t2.,剪纸（papercutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（theMingandQingDynasties）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。,词汇？语法？惯用法？,新四级翻译题考什么？,我哪知道。,一、翻译的评价标准：,大纲：忠实、通顺高境界：信、达、雅,Example,中国的地道土著语：八仙过海，各显神通。The Eight Immortals crossin
3、g the sea-each shows his/her special prowess(in the legend,they were described as fairies with different magic arts)；Like the Eight Immortals soaring the ocean,each of you should show your true worth.,打破砂锅问（纹）到底 breaking an earthenware pot-(lit)-cracked to the bottom；(pun)interrogate thoroughly；to g
4、et to the bottom of a matter,望子成龙 to hope ones child will become somebody in the future；to hope ones child will have a bright future;to hold high hopes for ones child,不到长城非好汉。He who fails to reach the Great Wall is not a true hero；not stop until ones aim is obtained,Modern Chinese,宋国有个人担忧他的禾苗不长高，就拔高
5、了禾苗，一天下来十分疲劳，回到家对他的家人说：“今天可把我累坏了，我帮助禾苗长高了！”他儿子听说后急忙到地里去看苗，然而苗都枯萎了。,译文1,In the Song Dynasty,there was a man who worried about his crops growing two slowly.So he went to the field and pulled the crops up.After a day,he was very tired,and came back home and told his family members that:“Im very tired,I
6、 helped the crops grow.”After his son heard this he went to the field to look and the crops are dead.,评价：不信、不达、更不雅。In the Song Dynasty 是误译，是宋国two slowly.Too 拼写错误After a day,是误译，应该是 a whole days work told his family members that:“Im”that 是引导从句的，直接引用前不用that Im very tired,I helped the crops grow 分居中应有连
7、词衔接,help应该用完成体。the crops are dead 不够忠实，应该是withered,译文2,In the Kingdom of Song in ancient China,there was a man who was worried about his crops growing too slowly.So he went to the field and pulled the crops up.After a days work,he was very tired,and came back home and told his family:“Im very tired,
8、because I have helped the crops grow.”After his son heard this,he went to the field to look and found the crops have withered.评价：忠实、通顺但是不够“雅”，主要是不够凝练，用词及结构的难度不够。,译文3,In the Kingdom of Song in ancient China,there was a man who was worried that his crops were not growing,so he set out pulling up the c
9、rops a little bit.After a days hard work,he came back home exhausted.He then told his family:“Im worn out today,but I have helped our crops grow.”Hearing this,his son went to the field to check things out,only to find a field of withered crops.,评价：基本做到了“信、达、雅”，译文较好。,二、用词,1.注意用词准确，不要有拼写、搭配、词形、丢词、添词等问
10、题，eg.Out of the question 和out of question意思是不一样的。而 call sb names 和 call sbs name 是两个概念。,可以说a fire breaks out 但不可以说 a fire breaks up。可以用 an hour,不要用 a hour；可以用a piece of advice 不要用 an advice；可以用 listen to the music 不可以把to 丢掉。,2.注意英汉语词义的差异：红糖（brown sugar）、红茶（black tea）、white meat:鸡胸脯肉、Adams apple,瘦肉 l
11、ean meat酸奶yogurt 饭酸了 The food is sour.,3.注意词语空缺的现象，如一些文化特色词，eg.节日、习俗、景点等译法：A.音译或音译+注/意译：气功：Qigong 功夫：kung fu 太极：Taichi 风水：Fengshui Cartoon:卡通片 Wall Street:华尔街 清明：Qingming Day(Tomb-Sweeping day),三 以否定形式译之我认为他不够格。I dont think he is qualified.我们任何时候都没有被困难吓倒过。Never have we been daunted by the difficulti
12、es.我对他的情况一无所知。I dont know anything about him.,四 将汉语双重否定译成英语双重否定如果你的学习方法对头，那么在短时间内掌握一门外语并不是不可能。It is not impossible to master a foreign language within a short period if you have a good study method.开始学英语时，讲英语不可能不犯错误。At the beginning of learning English,you cant speak it without making mistakes.,不看秦始
13、皇兵马俑，不算真正到过中国。A traveler who has not seen the Qin Dynasty terra cotta figures cannot claim to have visited China.No one who has not seen the Qin Dynasty terra cotta figures can claim to have visited China.,五 以肯定形式译之：英译时借助含有否定意义的词来传译汉语里的否定意义译成英语中的肯定词语有：free from/of,safe from,ignorant of,independent o
14、f,devoid of,foreign to,blind to,different from,less than,dead to,impatient of,deficient in,alien to等等。,汤姆在这次期末考试中未及格。Tom failed in the final examination.玛丽不愿意去很远的地方工作。Mary is reluctant to work in the far place.他无可指责。He is above blame.我们不能让孩子们去河里游泳。We must keep the kids from swimming in the river.这尊雕
15、像在经历大地震后竟毫发未损，仍然矗立。The statue survived the great earthquake,remained intact and was still standing there.,关于中国食品名音译,1).具有中国特色且被外国人接受的传统食品，本着推广汉语及中国餐饮文化的原则，使用汉语拼音。如：饺子 Jiaozi包子 Baozi馒头 Mantou花卷 Huajuan烧麦 Shaomai,2).具有中国特色且已被国外主要英文字典收录的，使用汉语方言拼写或音译拼写的菜名，仍保留其原拼写方式。如：豆腐 Tofu宫保鸡丁 Kung Pao Chicken馄饨 Wonto
16、n,3).中文菜肴名称无法体现其做法及主配料的，使用汉语拼音，并在后标注英文注释。如：佛跳墙 Fotiaoqiang(Steamed Abalone with Sharks Fin and Fish Maw in Broth)锅贴 Guotie(Pan-Fried Dumplings)窝头 Wotou(Steamed Corn/Black Rice Bun),汤圆 Tangyuan(Glutinous Rice Balls)粽子 Zongzi(Glutinous Rice Wrapped in Bamboo Leaves)元宵 Yuanxiao(Glutinous Rice Balls for
17、 Lantern Festival,B.意译：,探花：Tanhua(Title conferred on the one who won the third place in the highest imperial examination in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.)有时直接用意译:the third place 拜堂:perform the marriage ceremony.Or get married,C.直译：,易经：Book of Changes 春节：Spring Festival 重阳节：Double-Ninth Festival,一国两制：
18、One country,two systems 文化大革命：The Cultural Revolution 三个代表：Three“Represents”等,D.加注法：,经常作为音译、直译、意译的补充，可括号加注或文内说明。西岳：The Western Mountain(another name for Mount Hua in Shaanxi Province)西施：Xi Shi(a famous beauty in the late Spring and Autumn Period)下海：Jump into the sea of business(文内加注，实际经常意译为go into b
19、usiness),成语与四字格,西方人擅长抽象思维，东方人偏好形象思维。中国人十分注重对事物的直观把握，语言表达具体生动，因此在汉语成语中有许多鲜明直观的形象，例如“哀鸿遍野”、“笨鸟先飞”、“敝帚自珍”、“遍体鳞伤”、“滴水不漏”、“风刀霜剑”、“见风使舵”、“顺水推舟”、“芒刺在背”、“趋之若鹜”等。,中国人尊重历史，看重对前人思想和文化的代代传承，因此在汉语成语中有大量的历史典故和民间传说，如“司空见惯”、“问鼎中原”、“单刀赴会”、“塞翁失马”、“伯乐相马”、“邯郸学步”、“沉鱼落雁”、“一枕黄粱”、“此地无银三百两”、“不为五斗米折腰”、“成也萧何败也萧何”等。,四字格又称四字结构，
20、是汉语中一种独特的词汇现象。顾名思义，四字格就是由四个汉字组成的词语，在汉语表达中具有极高的使用频率。例如一则推销房屋对讲系统的广告这样写道：“本系统多次获奖，品种齐全，性能可靠，功能完善，配置灵活，调试简单，外观新潮，价格公道。”在这句话中，除了句首的主位“本系统”是三个字之外，述位部分全由四字结构组成。短短一句话中运用了8个四字结构，既将该产品的优点介绍得清楚全面，又达到了一种掷地有声的修辞效果。,四字格与成语这两个概念虽有所不同，但人们往往将它们相提并论，这是因为四字格和成语的涵盖范围在很大程度上是重叠的。四字格包括汉语中所有四个字组成的词语结构，其中就有大量的四字成语；成语中尽管也有三
21、字成语和多字成语，但大多数成语是四字成语，属于四字格。,A.成语英译-直译,汉语成语常用具体的描述来比喻抽象的概念，是形象思维在语言上的集中体现。在不违背译文语言规范、不引起错误联想的前提下，译者在英译汉语成语时可以采用直译法，,例如：如鱼得水feel just like fish in water、临阵磨枪sharpen ones spear only before going into battle、狐假虎威the fox borrows the tigers terror、,猫哭老鼠the cat weeps over the mouse、对牛弹琴play the harp to a b
22、ull、雨后春笋like bamboo shoots after a spring shower,B.成语英译-意译,为了确保译文读者准确理解成语的意义，我们常常采用意译手段。它虽然难以保全成语的文化特色和具体形象，却能简洁明快第反映出成语的喻义。,例如：“手忙脚乱”in a frantic rush、“立竿见影”get instant results、“噤若寒蝉”keep quiet、“明火执仗”do evil things openly、“牵肠挂肚”be full of anxiety and worry、“快马加鞭”speed up“生龙活虎”bursting with energy“守
23、株待兔”trust to chance and stroke of luck。,C.成语英译-套译,套译法是指套用译语中某个与汉语成语喻义相近的成语来进行翻译的方法。套译法可用于下列几种情况：（1）两个成语的字面意义和蕴涵意义基本一致。例如“肉中刺”a thorn in the flesh,、“混水摸鱼”fish in troubled waters、“趁热打铁”strike while the iron is hot、“眼见为实”seeing is believing,、“隔墙有耳”walls have ears、“自投罗网”throw oneself into the trap、“嗤之以鼻
24、”turn up ones nose at,、“一触即发”touch and go、“空中楼阁”castles in the air充耳不闻turn a deaf ear to熟能生巧practice makes perfect事实胜于雄辩facts speak louder than words,（2）两个成语的比喻形象有所差异，但比喻意义基本一致。例如：“笑掉大牙”laugh off ones head、“乱七八糟”at sixes and sevens、“东张西望”look right and left、“抛砖引玉”to throw a sprat to catch a herring、
25、“缘木求鱼”seek a hare in hens nest、“挥金如土”to spend money like water、“胆小如鼠”as timid as a hare、“瓮中之鳖”like a rat in a hole、,“有志者事竟成”where there is a will there is a way、“新官上任三把火”new brooms sweep clean、“己所不欲勿施于人”do as you would be done by；,但译者必须意识到直译法有很大的局限性。许多汉语成语如果直译成英文，尽管译语读者能了解成语中每个字的含义，但很难理解该成语的整体意义。例如将
26、“胸有成竹”直译为have a bamboo in ones stomach，译语读者不仅难以从该成语的字面意义上领会出成语的蕴涵意义，还容易引起错误的联想。,（3）汉语成语原本是翻译的产物，因此可直接以英语成语回译之，例如：“以眼还眼”an eye for an eye、“君子协定”a gentlemans agreement、“武装到牙齿”armed to the teeth。,C.成语英译-加注,加注法是在译文中添加读者理解成语所需的文化信息和背景知识，其特点在于既能保留成语的比喻形象和文化蕴涵，又能确保译文容易为译语读者所理解接受。汉语成语中的许多典故都蕴含丰富的文化信息，如“项庄舞剑
27、”、“三顾茅庐”、“四面楚歌”等。如果采用直译法翻译这类成语，往往会给译语读者的理解带来困难，而采用意译法又不能形象地再现原典故的文化内涵，比较合适的处理方法就是采用加注法。例如：,（1）“难道这也是个痴丫头，又像颦儿来葬花不成？”因又自笑道：“若真也葬花，可谓东施效颦了；不但不为新奇，而且更是可厌”。Can this be another absurd maid come to bury flowers like Daiyu?he wondered in some amusement.If so,shes Dongshi immitating Xishi,(Xishi was a famou
28、s beauty in the ancient kingdom of Yue.Dongshi was an ugly girl who tried to imitate her way)which isnt original but rather tiresome.（曹雪芹红楼梦，杨宪益、戴乃迭译）,四字格,四字格字数统一，音节固定，具有结构工整、音韵和谐、简洁明快等鲜明的特色。除单独运用或独立成句之外，四字格还常以排比的形式出现，形成连珠四字句，读来酣畅淋漓，连绵不绝，别具魅力。,然而，在将四字格译为英语时，译者往往会碰到一些问题。由于受到中国传统审美心理的影响，四字词语十分讲究结构的对仗和
29、文采的华丽，其词义往往虚实杂糅，甚至有繁复重叠之处，这一点在四字格排比结构中尤为突出。例如在一篇介绍孔庙的文章中有这样一个句子：“在中国一提到孔子，上至白发苍苍的老人，下至天真幼稚的顽童，无人不知，无人不晓。”这句话的意思无非是想说明孔子在中国是一位家喻户晓的名人。,（3）他决心洗心革面，脱胎换骨。He is determined to turn over a new leaf.（4）本店货色齐全，品种多样，任君挑选。We have a good assortment of goods to choose from.例3中的“洗心革面”和“脱胎换骨”都具有“彻底改变旧有面目，重新做人”之意，如
30、果重复译出反而累赘。例4的译者不仅将语义重叠的“货色齐全”和“品种多样”合译为have a good assortment of goods，而且改变了汉语原文的句式结构，使译文紧凑自然。,（5）花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。（周而复上海的早晨）,The garden was a paradise on earth,with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.原文中的“大米白面”、“绫罗绸缎”、“金银财宝”指的就是“吃
31、的”、“穿的”和“用的”，译者最好舍弃这些四字成语重叠堆砌的字面意义，直接传递其指称意义，即food、clothes和money。这样的处理使译文简洁明了，符合英语的行文习惯。,（6）建立办事高效、运转协调、行为规范的行政管理体系。a.To set up an administrative system with high efficiency in work,coordination in operation and standardization in behaviour.b.To establish a high efficient,well-coordinated and standa
32、rdized administrative system.,（7）进入桂花公园，阵阵桂香扑鼻而来。满树金花，芳香四溢的金桂；花白如雪、香气扑鼻的银桂；红里透黄，花多味浓的紫砂桂；花色似银、季季有花的四季桂，竞相开放，争妍媲美。The Park of Sweet Osmanthus is noted for its profusion of osmanthus trees.Flowers from these trees in different colors are in full bloom which pervade the whole garden with the fragrance
33、of their blossoms.,这篇介绍桂花节的宣传材料用了许多四字词语，形象生动地描绘出公园里各色各样的桂花争奇斗艳的景象。这样的表达方式符合中国人的行文习惯和审美情趣，但宣传材料不是科普材料，不必将不同桂花的颜色与生长习性一一译出。况且，如果译文亦步亦趋，会变得累赘而夸张。因此，译者删去了原文中略显浮华的四字词语，概述性地描述了花开满园，香气四溢的景象，流畅地在译文中传递出了原文中最重要的信息。,句子：,注意英汉语句子结构的差异：英语有五种基本句型，除了并列句所有句子都要符合其一种，而并列句拆开后各分句也应符合。汉语结构很多，eg.形容词可做谓语、有很多无主语句、兼语句、连动句等，但
34、是汉语习惯上不喜欢每一个分句太长。而英语句子因为可以使用定语从句、状语从句、介词、连词、非谓语动词、独立结构等多种手段加以扩展，因而结构往往更加复杂，句子也更长。这也是地道英语的一个特点。,长状语、长定语位置：汉语一般在前，英语一般放在后。英语讲究形合，汉语讲究意合。如汉语说，湖南受到旱灾袭击，很多人受到影响。相当于：A drought struck Hunan,many people were affected.严谨表达：A drought struck Hunan and many people were affected.段落：主要是注意句与句的逻辑性与衔接是否合理，标点使用是否正确、时态是否合适，等,Thank you for your attention！,
