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1、构词法Word Formation,Derivation 派生Conversion 转化Compounding 合成,Derivation 派生,派生(Derivation)是由词根加词缀构成新词。构成的新词称为派生词。词缀分为：前缀(prefix)，加于词根前；后缀(suffix)，加于词根后,Prefix 前缀,除少数前缀外，前缀一般只改变词的意义，不引起词类的转化。常用前缀：(1)用于形容词、副词或名词之前表示相反意义，可以表示为“不”、“非”un-unknownuncommondis-dishonestdisorderlynon-non-stopnonsmokerin-incorrec
2、tinactive,Prefix 前缀,im-impossibleimmoralir-irregularirresponsibleil-illegalillogical注意：invaluable 非常宝贵的 无价的(2)用于动词前表示相反的动作：un-undressunwrapdis-disappeardiscouragede-decomposedevalue,Prefix 前缀,(3)用于动词前表示“错”、“误”的行为：mis-mistakemislead(4)用于名词前表示程度和大小：super-supermarketsuperpowermini-minibusminimummicro-m
3、icrophonemicrowave,Prefix 前缀,(5)用于动词或名词前表示时间和顺序：re-remarryrebuildpre-previewpredictpost-postwarpostpone(6)用于名词前表示其他意义：tele-telephonetelevisionauto-automobileinter-internationalinterstatesemi-semi-final,Prefix 前缀,kilo-kilometerkilogramself-self-controlself-service注意：另有几个前缀可以改变词类en-endangerenricha-asl
4、eepawake,Suffix 后缀,后缀一般只改变词类，不引起词义变化。常用后缀缀：(1)动名 表示人或器具-erforeignerworkerresearchervillager-orauthorinventor-eeemployeeexaminee-ianmusiciantechnician-anAmericanRussian,Suffix 后缀,-eseChineseJapanese-ssactresshostess-antassistantaccountant-er器具speakerwasher-or器具translatorcalculator(2)形名 表性质或状态-nesskin
5、dnesshappiness-shiphardshipfriendship-ysafetycruelty,Suffix 后缀,-ityactivityreality-thwealthtruth-encedifferenceconvenience-anceimportanceignorance-domfreedomwisdom(3)动名 表示动作、过程或结果-(t)ionpollutionsuggestion-ationinvitationobservation-(s)iondisscusiondecision,Suffix 后缀,-ingswimmingbuilding-ureexposure
6、failure-mentdevelopmentgovernment-alrefusalarrival-agepassagemarriage注意：词形发生变化的词：explain explanationpronounce pronunciationrepeat-repetition,Suffix 后缀,(4)名名 表示身份、时代、资格或职位-hoodchildhoodboyhood-shipprofessorshipcitizenship(5)名、形名 表示主义-ismMarxismsocialism(6)名形 表示“具有性质”或“与有关”-fulusefulhelpful-ivenativea
7、ctive-ouspoisonousfamous,Suffix 后缀,-lyfriendlylonely-alnationaleducational-entexcellentdifferent-antimportantmilitant-arysecondaryrevolutionary-yrainyhealthy-sometroublesometiresome-anEuropeanIndian-enwoodengolden,Suffix 后缀,(7)动形 表示“可的”或“能的”-ablesuitablereliable-ibleimpossibleinvisible(8)名形 表示否定意义-l
8、esscarelessuseless注意：priceless 无价的、宝贵的countless 无数的无价值的：valueless worthless,Suffix 后缀,(9)形副-ly 表示方式、程度freelyterriblyclearly-ward 表示方向backwardeastwardforward(10)形动 表示“使化”，“使成为”-izerealizemodernize-ifybeautifysimplify-ensharpenhardensoften,Suffix 后缀,(11)数词数词-teen 表示十（13-19）nineteenthirteen-ty 表示整十数for
9、tytwentythirty-th 表示序数词ninthsixthfifteenth,Conversion 转化,转化(conversion)就是由一个词类转化为另一个词类,动词转化为名词名词转化为动词形容词转化为动词形容词转化为副词形容词转化为名词词类转化中的拼写变化,V.N.,常用make,have,take,give等动词构成:Make an attemptMake a changeHave a washHave a swimtake aimGive a shoutGive a kick,N.V.,The children grouped the sea shells together.
10、These letters must be mailed today.He handed his new photo to his teacher.They faced difficulties bravely.,Adj.V.,有些形容词转化为动词,解释为”使变得,成为”.eg.The nurses tried to calm the patients.Mary empties the dustbin every morning.由形容词演变过来的短语动词:eg.The wind dropped and the sea calmed down.,adj.adv.,We are going to
11、 stay here long.He went straight home after lunch.,Adj.N.,He spoke of the wrong done to him.Exercise does good to ones health.The bank is on the right.,Spelling,adviceadviseBreathbreatheFoodfeedTaletellPracticepractiseEmphasisemphasizeSpeechspeakBathbatheBeliefbelieve,Compounding 合成,合成(Compounding)就
12、是由两个或两个以上的词合成一个词,如birth day,birthplace,birthrate.,合成词的构成合成词的词性数词与名词合成的形容词,合成词的构成,各个组成成分合成一个单一的词.Homework,handbag各个组成成分之间用连字符号”-”连接.Warm-hearted,well-known各个组成成分之间相互分离,既不连写也不用连字符号,但表达单一的概念.Folk song,birth control,合成词的词性,不同词类可以合成名词,形容词,副词或代词.合成名词:briefcase,background合成形容词:outstanding,grey-haired合成副词:A
13、nyway,somehow,overhead合成代词:Someone,nothing,数词与名词合成的形容词,基数词+单数可数名词基数词+单数可数名词+形容词基数词+过去分词序数词+名词,数词与名词合成的形容词,“基数词+单数可数名词”,用连字符号,一般作前置定语.a five-star flaga five-thousand-word report注意:当基数词和表示时间,距离的名词之间不用连字符号,那么常用”基数词(大于1)+复数可数名词所有格”表示:ten minutes breakten miles journey,数词与名词合成的形容词,“基数词+单数可数名词+形容词”,用连字符号,一般作前置定语.a six-year-old childan eight-month-long study,数词与名词合成的形容词,“基数词+过去分词”,用连字符号,一般作前置定语.a twenty-storeyed buildinga one-sided view,数词与名词合成的形容词,“序数词+名词”,用连字符号,一般作前置定语.first-ratesecond-hand,
