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1、Translation Theory and the NON Literary text,Belinda MaiaUniversidade do Porto,Acknowledgements,This lecture is based to a large extent on:MUNDAY,Jeremy.2001.Introducing Translation Studies Theories and Applications.London and New York:RoutledgeVENUTI,Lawrence.(Ed.)2000.The Translation Studies Reade
2、r.London and New York:Routledge.BUT the implications for the NON literary text are my own responsibility,A few general distinctions,Translating v.interpreting Source language/text SL/STTarget language/text-TL/TTIntralingual v.interlingual v.intersemiotic translation Translation as language learning
3、Contrastive linguisticsComparative literature,“Translation Studies”self-perception,Many people today think that Translation Studies is mainly:Literary theoryCultural studiesAnd,possibly:Communication studiesStylistics&Genre analysis,Translation Theory-TT perspective from Philosophy,Linguistic philos
4、ophy-attempts to discover WHAT language means:the ideal language(s)of logic etc.ordinary language philosophyPhilosophy of language attempts to find out HOW language means:certain general features of language such as meaning,reference,truth,verification,speech acts and logical necessity Philosophy of
5、 linguistics-the study of language through linguistics,TT perspective from Philosophy of Linguistics,Structuralism-language reflects structure of thought,culture and societyTransformational-Generative grammar-underlying universal languageFunctionalism-Language and its social functionsCognitivism-Lan
6、guage as it reflects our cognitive appraisal of the world,categorization of experience and use of metaphor,TT perspective from Linguistics,Linguists perceive it as related to:Contrastive linguistics PragmaticsDiscourse AnalysisStylisticsOnce dismissed as useless to TT all of these areas have been re
7、-animated by corpora linguistics,TT perspective from Information Technoclogy,IT specialists are increasingly fascinated by human language and:Machine assisted translationMachine TranslationKnowledge EngineeringInformation RetrievalArtificial Intelligence,TT-the professional perspective,Translator tr
8、ainingInterpreter trainingTranslation aidsTranslation criticismTranslation qualityTranslation policyProfessional translation standards,Translation Theories,The objectives of this seminar are:To give a general outline of translation theories in this centuryTo show how these theories apply to non lite
9、rary textsTo demonstrate that translation practice can benefit from theory,Translation theories,Most TT is:Product-orientated focuses the translationFunction-orientated examines the context and purpose of the translationProcess-orientated analyses the psychology of translation and processBut usually
10、 has elements of all three,Partial theories of translation,Medium restricted man or machine?Area restricted specific languages/culturesRank-restricted word/sentence/textText-type restricted different genresTime-restricted historical viewProblem-restricted specific problems,e.g equivalence,Problems,P
11、osition of Translation Studies in academia Split between theory and practice Translation teachers fear of theory Researchers still encouraged to focus on literatureTherefore teacher/researcher faced with dilemma,Early distinctions,People have been arguing for centuries about literal v.free v.faithfu
12、l translation word-for-word v.sense-for-sense For example:Cicero,St Jerome,St Augustine,Martin Luther,tienne Dolet,Alexander Tytler,Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,Friedrich Schleiermacher,Wilhelm von Humboldt,Arthur Schopenhauer See Robinson(1997/2002),Bible translation,Bassnett(1991:45-50)-The history
13、of Bible translation is accordingly a history of western culture in microcosm.St.Jeromes translation into Latin in 384 A.D.John Wycliffe(1330-84)and the Lollards William Tyndale(1494-1536)burnt at stakeMartin Luther New Testament 1522,Old Testament 1534Try Biblegateway:,The Quran,See University of S
14、outhern California:http:/www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/quran/Warning:Note that any translation of the Quran immediately ceases to be the literal word of Allah,and hence cannot be equated with the Quran in its original Arabic form.In fact,each of the translations on this site is actually an interpretation whi
15、ch has been translated.,Science in Translation a historical view,Scott L.Montgomery.2000.Science in Translation.Movements of Knowledge through Cultures and Time.University of Chicago Press.Describes how scientific texts have been translated,adapted,revised and added to down the centuries e.g.Western
16、 AstronomyGreek and Arabic ScienceJapanese Science,Further reading,HERMANS,Theo&Ubaldo Stecconi.2002.Translators as Hostages to History.From the European Commissions Theory meets Practice Seminars at:http:/europa.eu.int/comm/translation/theory/lectures/2001_01_18_history.pdf,Linguistic theories of t
17、ranslation,Language Universals v.Linguistic Relativism Science of translationEquivalenceSemantic and communicative translationKorrespondenz and quivalenzTranslation shiftsDiscourse and register analysis,Language Universals v.Linguistic Relativism,Language Universals presuppose that languages and/or
18、our capacity for language are universal and/or innate long history leading to Chomsky and beyondLanguage Relativism different languages show us different ways of viewing the world Sapir-Whorf theory and most translation theory,Science of translation,Nida(1964)Linguistic meaning Referential or denota
19、tive meaning Emotive or connotative meaningHierarchical structuringComponential analysis Semantic structure analysisFormal and dynamic equivalenceApplications to Bible translation,Chomsky and TTFrom Nida&Taber(1969:33),From Nida(1964:185-7),From Munday(2001:50),Equivalence,Roman Jacobson(1959/2000)“
20、Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguisticsDiscusses equivalence at level of obligatory grammar and lexicon,for example:genderaspectsemantic fields,Equivalence at word levelBaker(1992)Chapter 2,Morphology lexical and syntacticLexical MeaningPr
21、opositional v.Expressive meaningPresupposed meaningEvoked meaning dialect geographical,temporal,socialRegister field/tenor/mode of discourseSemantic fields and lexical sets,Equivalence above word levelBaker(1992)Chapter 3,CollocationCollocational range and markednessCollocation and registerCollocati
22、onal meaningIdioms and Fixed Expressions,Grammatical equivalenceBaker(1992)Chapter 4,Grammatical vs.Lexical categoriesThe Diversity of Grammatical Categories:NumberGenderPersonTense and AspectVoiceWord Order,Newmark(1981),Semantic/communicative translation at level of:Transmitter/addressee focusCult
23、ureTime and originRelation to STUse of form of SLForm of TLAppropriatenessCriterion for evaluation,Koller(1976/89)Korrespondenz and quivalenz,Denotative equivalenceConnotative equivalenceText-normative equivalencePragmatic equivalenceFormal equivalence,Vinay&Darbelnet(1977/2000)Translation shifts,Di
24、rect translation:BorrowingCalqueLiteral translationOblique translationTranspositionModulationEquivalenceAdaptationFunction at the level of the lexicon,syntaxand message,Translation shifts,Catford(1965/2000)level shiftscategory shifts:structuralclassunit or rankintra-systemVan Leuven-Zwart(1989/90)8
25、categories and 37 sub-categories!,Linguistic theories and translation,Most of these theories are considered linguistic and are useful for teaching translation Most translation occurs at the linguistic level at some stage of the processHowever,too much stress on linguistic levels can have negative ef
26、fect at the text level,Halliday Functional-Systemic linguistics,Textual equivalenceBaker(1992)Chapter 5,Thematic and Information StructuresTheme and RhemeSentence analysis S Od Oi Cs Co Cp Adj Conj DisjInformation Structure:Given and NewWord Order and Communicative Function,Textual equivalenceBaker(
27、1992)Chapter 6,CohesionReferenceSubstitution and EllipsisConjunctionLexical Cohesion,Translation Quality AssessmentHouse(1997),Focus on the function of the text,Baker(1992)Chapter 7-Pragmatic equivalenceReiss(1970s)Functional approachHolz-Mntarri(1984)Translational actionVermeer(1970s)and Reiss&Verm
28、eer(1984)Skopos theoryNord(1988/91)Text Analysis in Translation,Pragmatic equivalenceBaker(1992)Chapter 7,CoherencePresuppositionImplicature Grices maxims of QuantityQualityRelevanceMannerPoliteness,Reiss(1970s)Functional approach,Classification of texts as:informativeexpressiveoperative audiomedial
29、,Reiss(1971)Text types,Reiss Chesterman(1989)Text types and varieties,Holz-Mntarri(1984)Translational action,A communicative process involving:The initiatorThe commissionerThe ST producerThe TT producerThe TT userThe TT receiver,Reiss&Vermeer(1984)Skopos theory,Focuses purpose or skopos of translati
30、onRulesA TT is determined by its skoposA TT is message in a target culture/TL concerning a message in a source culture/SLA TT is not clearly reversibleA TT must be internally coherentA TT must be coherent with the ST,Nord(1988/91)Text Analysis,Functional approachThe importance of the translation com
31、missionThe role of ST analysisThe functional hierarchy of translation problems,Polysystem TheoryFocus-social and cultural norms,Even-Zohar(1978/2000)Toury(1995)Chesterman(1997)Lambert,Van Gorp,Hermans and the Manipulation school(1985&1999),Even-Zohar(1978/2000),Even-Zohar considers translated litera
32、ture to include:childrens literaturethrillers other popular works of fiction,(auto-)biography CONSIDER:informative writing of all kinds e.g.travel,art and sport,journalism,university textbooks.,Toury(1995)Descriptive Translation Studies,Important point in Translation Studies It encouraged the descri
33、ption of all kinds of translation and provided a wide basis on which to conduct research.The tertium comparationis=attempt to postulate neutral translation v.culturally and socially loaded real translations BUT proved unsatisfactory and abandoned,Tourys norms,initial norm ST norms=adequate translati
34、onTT norms=acceptable translationpreliminary norms translation policy selection of textsdirectness of translation is ST an original?operational normsmatricial norms or completeness of the TT textual-linguistic norms.,Tourys laws,The law of growing standardization-suggests that the TT standards overr
35、ide those of the original text.This will happen when the TL culture is more powerful.The law of interference-suggests that the ST interferes in the TT by default.This will happen when the SL culture is more powerful.,Chestermans norms(1997),Expectancy norms expectations of readersAllow evaluative ju
36、dgements Validated by a norm-authorityProfessional normsAccountability norm ethical normCommunication norm social normRelation norm linguistic norm(between SL and TL),Polysystem theory and theNON Literary text,Even-Zohar,Toury,Chesteman,and others see ST and TT as part of a much wider social and cul
37、tural contextAlthough they may consider literary text primary,their theories and suggestions are applicable to all texts,Cultural Studies,Bassnett&Lefevere(1991)dismissed linguistic theories as having moved from word to text as a unit,but not beyond and talked of painstaking comparisons between orgi
38、nals and translations which do not consider the text in its cultural environment.(Munday,2001:127),Lefevere(1992)Power and patronage,Professionals within the literary systemPatronage outside the literary systemThe ideological componentThe economic componentThe status componentThe dominant poeticsLit
39、erary devicesThe concept of the role of literature,Examples,Edward Fitzgeralds improvement of work by Omar KhayyamAn 18th century translators improvement of Cames Os LusiadasLewis Carrolls Alice in Wonderland-softened for childrenCensorship of bad languageCan you think of examples?,Simon(1996)Transl
40、ation and Gender,Masculine language of translation theoristsOvert attempts to promote a feminist stance through translation practiceContribution women have made by translating works of literature over the centuriesRelationship of women and culture as seen through translation the translator is self-e
41、ffacing creates a new work with a feminine point of viewLink between feminist and postcolonial studies,Postcolonial Translation Theory,Spivak(1993/2000)and Niranjana(1992)Cultural implications-translating between:Colonized and colonizingPolitically powerful and weaker languages and culturesPower rel
42、ations Translational and transnational factors,Example,Spivak(2000)translates out of Bengali into English Try to imagine how an educated bi-lingual(English/Bengali)woman with international feminist connections might try to translate poetry by Mahasweta Devi a poet in an Indian village.http:/www.emor
43、y.edu/ENGLISH/Bahri/Contents.html#Authors,Other Situations,Brazilian cannibalism(1960-1999)Colonized devours colonizer and is enrichedCronin(1996)The Irish language and English imperialism over the centuries,Cultural Studies ETC,My suggestion-surf the Internet with:cultural studiescommunication stud
44、iescomparative literatureliterary studiestranslation studies,Cultural Studies and the NON Literary text,Cultural Studies theorists:Rarely refer to NON Literary text Then tend to claim any interesting text as literary!YET Cultural Studies should by its very nature go beyond literature or at least Lit
45、erature.,Reaction against TL orientated texts,What can be done to avoid too much standardization?How can one avoid social or cultural bias?How can one truly represent the original?,Antoine Berman(1984)the Experience of the Foreign,Bermans negative analytic of translation focuses the following:Ration
46、alizationClarificationExpansionEnnoblementQualitative impoverishmentQuantitative impoverishment,Antoine Berman(1984)the Experience of the Foreign,The destruction of rhythmsThe destruction of underlying networks of significationThe destruction of linguistic patterningsThe destruction of vernacular ne
47、tworks or their exoticizationThe destruction of expressions and idiomsThe effacement of the superimposition of languages,Venuti(1995)The Translators Invisibility,Criticizes those,like Toury,who aim to produce value-free norms and laws of translation.Interpretes Lefeveres notions of patronage and its
48、 influence in the context of Anglo-American publishingUses Invisibility to describe the translators situation and activity in contemporary Anglo-American culture,QUESTIONS,Can the Translator be Invisible?Should the Translator be Invisible?If,so when?Give examplesCan the Translator be invisible and c
49、reative?If,so when?Give examples,Pride,Prejudice.and Power,Consider:How literary translators describe their work PrideHow reviewers and the public receive translations-PrejudiceThe publishing industry and the effect of globalization Power,Philosophy and translation,Philosophers often find translatio
50、n fascinating-a few examples:Walter Benjamin(1923/2000)Ezra Pound(1929/2000)Steiner(1975/92/98)Derrida&Deconstruction(1960),Walter Benjamin(1923/2000),Benjamins metaphor-liberation of the original text through translation.Believed in interlinear translation reveals the original in all its complexity
