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1、非谓语动词的运用与比较,不定式,动名词,分词,非谓语动词,1 非谓语动词的词性 及句法功能,a.动词：,To run fast 状语To smoke a cigarette 宾语Feeling hungry 表语,1。非谓语动词的词性及 句法功能2。句法功能的区别：3。非谓语动词的形式4。非谓语动词的复合结构,b.其它词性：,X,X,X,X,2.句法功能的区别：,1 主语,动名词不定式,In many countries,shaking ones head means“no”and nodding means“yes”.To write a science fiction is his wis
2、h.,Its dangerous to play/playing with fire.,1.两者作主语一般可以通用，意义没有多大差别。,2.不定式一般表示特定的，具体的行为，特别是表将来的一次行为；动名词常表示抽象的，一般的行为。,It is no use _(argue)with him about that.,arguing,3.在含有no,-less，常用动名词短语作主语。Eg.It is no use doing.;It is useless doingIt is no good doing;It is no help doing,2.表语,不定式动名词分词,The story is
3、moving.A way of saying“I am hungry”is patting the stomach before a meal.My task this class is to teach you how to grasp the grammar.,现在分词作表语表示主语的特征，相当于形容词，因此 它前面可用very,quite 或表示比较意义的more,most 来 修饰；动名词作表语说明主语的内容，可以与句中的主语交换位置。由于动名词具有明显的名词特征，故不能用以上表示程度或比较意义的词修饰。不定式则表示某一次具体的行为，类似于作主语。,His hobby is playi
4、ng football.Or:Playing football is his hobby.The volleyball match we watched was very exciting.,2.动名词作表语时，该句的主语有很大的局限性，主要是job,work,task,duty,wish,happiness,等；现在分词作表语时的主语范围广泛得多。,He The The scientific novelTo read a novel at the momentWhat he said,is interesting.,3.宾语,动名词不定式,根据习惯搭配和语义区分,习惯接动名词作宾语的有：mi
5、nd,finish,enjoy,avoid,risk,consider,practise,suggest,advise,miss,appreciate,imagine,put off,keep(on),give up,insist,be used to,look forward to,stickto,devote ones life to,be busy,be worth,canthelp,excuse,escape,admit(承认)，delay,keep,risk,object to（反对）,pay attention to,etc.,习惯于后接动词不定式而不接动名词作宾语的动词有：wan
6、t,wish,hope,expect,promise,pretend,decide,manage,refuse,learn,agree,plan,offer,long,demand,help,manage,prepare,learn,determine,prefer,intend,etc.,动名词与不定式的不同含义：be afraid to do 不敢、害怕、胆怯去做某事be afraid of doing 担心、恐怕出现We are never afraid to lay down our lives for the right cause.为了正义的事业我们绝不怕牺牲自己的生命。She w
7、as afraid of waking her husband up.,2)forget to do sth.忘记去做某事（未做）forget doing sth.忘记做过了某事（已做）The light in the office is off.It was she who turned it off,but she herself forgot _(turn)it off.The light in the office is still on.She forgot _(turn)it off.,3)remember to do sth.记着去做某事（未做）remember doing st
8、h.记着做了某事（已做）Do you remember _(meet)me at a partylast year?You must remember _(leave)tomorrow.,4)regret to do sth.遗憾地说/告诉 regret doing sth.后悔做了I regret _(go)to his home town.I regret _(tell)you the truth.,5)stop to do sth.stop doing sth.6)try to do sth.try doing sth.You must try _(do)it again.Lets tr
9、y _(do)the work in some other way.,7)mean to do sth.mean doing sth.If it means _(delay)more than a week,Ill not wait.I mean _(go),and nothing can stop me.8)go on to do sth.go on doing sth.9）cant help doing sth.情不自禁，不禁 cant help(to)do sth.不能帮忙做,10.permit/allow/advise+doing sth.+sb.to do sth.11.start/
10、begin/continue/like/love/hate+to do sth.+doing sth.但有些动名词在句中是主动形式，却有被动含义The house requires/needs/wants repairing.The book is worth reading.,4.定语,动名词分词不定式,Do you know the man talking with a black there?The carrying pole reminds me of our bitter days in the past.There will be many people to help you.,
11、=who is talking,The pole for carrying things,1 所含时态意义,the laughing audienceHave you read the book 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea written by Jules Verne?The next boy to play went to the piano.He is always the first one to get up.,分词正在进行或发生了的动作不定式尚未实现的将来的行为或表示一般性 叙述而无一定的时间性。动名词表示被修饰词的目的或用途,2 逻辑关系：分词 主谓关
12、系（可改成定语从句）动名词表示被修饰词的目的或用途 不定式多种逻辑关系,The lab,to be builtbeing builtbuilt last year,The rising sun-the sun that is risingA broken glass-a glass that is brokenThe light is off.Please give me some candles to give light.(some candles that give light)主谓关系 A hard job to do-a hard job that one must do动宾关系A
13、place to rest-a place where one can rest动状关系The plan to open up rice fields同谓关系,3.现在分词和过去分词,falling leavesfallen leaves,exiting newsexited students,-ing 令人;-ed 表示所修饰词本身的特征,a disappointing voice;a disappointed voice,注意：1。现在分词作定语时，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词的表示的动作几乎同时发生。如两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而要用定语从句。1.The teacher
14、 criticized the student who had broken the window.2.Yesterday,mother told me an event which happened five years ago.,2.不定式作定语 Change the following into infinitives.He was the first person that came to the classroom this morning.Do you have anything that you want to say?Here are some books that you c
15、an read.He thought out a plan _(punish)Tom.He is always the last _(come)to officePlease give me a knife _(cut)with.作定语的不定式如是不及物动词，不定式后面须有相应的介词。,5。宾语补足语,不定式分词,使役动词：make,have,let,hear,listen to,see,watch,notice,observe,look at,etc.感觉动词：find,see,watch,notice,hear,feel,etc.,Its cold out side,we had the
16、fire burning all night.Mum had him wash the plates.I saw him go upstairs.I saw him going upstairs,（已经上去了，全过程）,（此刻的行为）,6。状语,不定式分词,1.Every day he climbed to a high rock near his cave to keep watch.2.Two years later,her father disappeared,never to return.3.Im very glad to have this stamp again.4.It is
17、too dark for us to see anything in the room.5.He is old enough to look after himself.,目的,结果,原因,程度,程度,不定式主要作目的，结果和程度状语,1.Once fleeing Germany,Einstein went first to France,then to Belgium2.Being a shy man,Einstein didnt attend the great celebration.3.The trainer appeared,followed by six little dog.4.
18、Given more time,I can do it better.5.Weighing almost 100 jin,the stone was moved by him alone.6.The boy stood up,obliging me to rise,too.,时间,原因,方式，伴随,条件,让步,结果,1。分词在句中主要作时间，原因，方式或伴随，条件，让步，结果状语。,分词和不定式作结果状语,My grandfather lived to see the liberation of China.Tonys father died,leaving him a lot of mone
19、y.He went home,only to find his money stolen.,（动作行为）,（状态）,2。不定式强调动作发生的过程或未曾料到的不愉快的结果；分词主要表示动作发生后所引起的结果状态或必然产生的结果。,现在分词和过去分词作状语,Many people come to theme parks,looking for thrills and entertainment.Once published,his work became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line.,主语是分词所表示动作的执行者分
20、词用doing/having done，如果是分词所表示动作的承受者，分词用done/having been done。,注意：,1。状态动词或相当于状态动词的一些词。,She sat there,lost in thought.After a days work,he went home,tired out.,2.一些使役性动词，如：disappoint/excite/surprise/move/interest/puzzle。,The game _(interest)the boys.The boys are _ the game.The game is _.I wonder why fo
21、otball _ boys.A.has interestedB.is interested inC.interesting D.interested_(excite)at the news,the boys rushed to watch the game._(Fill)with joy,I started off.,interests,interested in,interesting,A,Excited,Filled,3 不定式在作表语/补语的形容词后面作状语，用主动形式表被动意思。This question is difficult _(answer).Do you think him
22、easy_(work)with?We find this rule hard _(remember).,4 有些分词已经转变为独立成分，含有“泛指”意义，在句中常作插入语。如：generally speaking,judging from,talking of,supposing,considering,Judging from his accent,he is a southerner.,to answer,to/,to/,注1：分词作状语时，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致，构成主动或被动的关系。注2：表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引导。注3：有时，”with+名词（
23、或代词宾格）+分词”的结构表示伴随状况。注4:当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词须有自己的主语，构成独立主格结构。（见后）,While watching TV,he heard someone shoutingshout for help.,With the work done,he went home.,Weather permitting,well go outing tomorrow.,Moved by his words,tears came to my eyes.,3 非谓语动词的各种形式：（以动词do为例）,不定式,分词,To do,To be done,To have do
24、ne,To have been done,To be doing,To have beendoing,doing,Being done,Having done,Having been done,1。不定式的时态与语态：1）一般式：不定式表示的动作常与谓语的动作同时（或几乎同时）发生，或在它之后发生。I saw him go out.I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.2）进行式：不定式表示的动作正在进行。Im very glad to be working with you.3）完成式：不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之Im sorry
25、to have kept you waiting.The article is said to have been read by many people.,2。动名词的时态和语态1）动名词的时态：一般式和完成式如G.的动作没明确表示出时间是与谓语同时发生或在谓语之前发生，用一般式。We are interested in _(play)chess.如G.的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常用完成式。Im sorry for not _(keep)my promise.但在某些词后，常用一般式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。On hearing the bad news,she
26、 cried.Ill never forget seeing that film for the first time.,2）动名词的语态 doing being done having done having been done He was afraid of _(leave)at home.The house showed no sign of _(damage).Xu Benyu insisted on being sent to the mountain area to serve the children there.,3 现在分词的时态及语态：,分词的动作如发生在谓语动词之后do
27、ing，用一般式，如发生在谓语动词之前，用完成式having done。,Having enjoyed the rides at the Headland,visitors can take a shuttle to the Lowland.,But theme parks also try to make sure that visitors leave knowing more about their theme.,4 非谓语动词的复合结构逻辑主语能发出该动作（发）逻辑主语不能发出该动作（收）不发不收用结构：动词不定式：用独立结构。动名词：用复合结构。分词：用独立主格结构,如果要说明不定式
28、表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个由for/of 引起的短语。It is easy for the students to read.It will be a mistake for us to help you.,1 不定式的复合结构:for/of sb.to do sth.,Its wrong of him to speak bad behind others.,2 动名词的复合结构：名词所有格(Marys)/形容性物主代词（my）+动名逻辑主语是有生命的名词：作主语时，须用名词所有格或形容词性物主代词；作宾语时，也可用普通格或人称代词宾格。Toms(His)coming is wh
29、at we have expected.She didnt mind Jack/Jacks(him/his)coming here.,2.逻辑主语是无生命的名词：只用名词普格。Is there any hope of our team winning the match?3.逻辑主语是指示代词或不定代词 this,that,somebody,someone,nobody,none,anybody,anyone时，只有普通格。She was disturbed by somebody shouting outside.,3 分词的独立主格结构：,名词/代词分词,Weather permittin
30、g,well go outing tomorrow.There being no interesting programs,he turned off the TV set.Sword in hand,the boy rushed out.,独立主格结构在句中作状语，相当于状语从句。,不定式作独立成分。To tell(you)the truth,he doesnt agree with you.To begin with,Beijing is a very beautiful city.,不定式中作结果状语的注意点：1）某些形容词在“tooto”结构中表示肯定，这类词是：anxious,eag
31、er,glad,ready,surprised,willingShe was too surprised to see how angry her father was.2）在not,never,only,all,but等后的”tooto”结构中，”too”的含义为”very”，不定式没有否定含义。Im only too glad to stay at home.Its never too old to learn.,不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有在极少数介词如：but,except等后才行，此时不定式可带to 或不带to.He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.We have no choice but to wait outside.They could do nothing but ask for help.,
