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1、Chapter Four Paragraph Writing-Components of a paragraph,Q:Is it a paragraph?,I need a water bottle for the hike in case I get thirsty.A sweater is useful if it gets cold.A compass will help me go in the right direction.Sandwiches will be an easy-to-carry snack.I can use a camera to take pictures of
2、 unusual or attractive places.,A:No,it isnt.,Without a central idea,a group of sentences is just a list,and not an actual paragraph.,Warmming-up,1.What is a paragraph?,A paragraph is a collection of related sentences dealing with a single topic.,2.What is the structure of a paragraph?,The Topic Sent
3、ence,Supporting sentences,The concluding sentence,This is the structure of a paragraph!Generally speaking,these three different types of sentences play different roles in a paragraph:,Topic sentence;Supporting sentences;Concluding sentence.,a sentence to tell the reader what the paragraph is mainly
4、about.,sentences to give more detailed information about the topic sentence.,a sentence to end a paragraph or to summarize(总结）the ideas.,(主题句),(扩展句/阐述句),(结论句/结尾句),What does it do?It introduces the main idea of the paragraph.How do I write one?It summarizes the main idea of the paragraph and indicate
5、s to the readers what your paragraph will be about.,Topic sentence,Example:There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world.First,Canada has an excellent health care system.All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price.Second,Canada has a high standa
6、rd of education.Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university.Finally,Canadas cities are clean and efficiently managed.Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live.As a result,Canada is a desirable place to live.,Topic sent
7、ence,Requirements of a Good Topic Sentence,Topic sentence should be a complete sentence with a complete meaning.(主题句必须是意义完整的一个完整句子。)How to read a novel.Anyone can learn how to read a novel.,(X),(),Topic sentence should not be too general and should be clear in meaning.(主题句内容不能太泛，必须内容清楚。)Television i
8、s very important.Television plays an educational role in daily life.,(X),(),Requirements of a Good Topic Sentence,Topic sentence should have practical content.(主题句内容必须具体。)To improve reading ability,one needs to acquire some reading skills.To improve English proficiency,one need to acquire some skill
9、s.,(X),(),Requirements of a Good Topic Sentence,Topic sentence should not be a specific description.(描写细节的句子不能作主题句。)1.He sent his wife a diamond ring on her thirtieth birthday.2.They moved to a new apartment last month.3.Today more and more women are going out to work.4.He encountered an old friend
10、yesterday.,(X),(X),(X),(X),Requirements of a Good Topic Sentence,Topic sentence=topic+controlling idea The topic is what you are going to say in the paragraph,and the controlling idea narrows down the topic,so the topic sentence should not:,How to write a topic sentence?,A.be too specificbe too broa
11、dcontain phrases like“I think”,“In my opinion”,etc.,Discussion:which of the following statement is general,specific or suitable?11)American food is terrible.2)American food is tasteless and greasy because Americans use too many canned,frozen,and packaged foods and because everything is fried in oil
12、or butter.3)American food is tasteless and greasy.,(too general),(too specific),(suitable),21)Many voters supported the candidate.2)Many voters passively supported the candidate.31)To play any kind of musical instrument,one needs to know something about the instrument.2)To play any kind of drum requ
13、ires a good sense of rhythm.,(too general),(too general),(suitable),(suitable),Here are an example of sentences that cannot be used as topic sentences.Can you figure out why it is inappropriate?,My hometown is famous because it is located by Wheaton River,which is very wide,and because it is built n
14、ear an unusually steep hill called Wheaton Hill.Analysis:The problem with this sentence is that it contains too many details.Topic sentences are general,and details should appear later in the paragraph.Revised:My hometown is famous for several amazing geographical features.,Different Positions of a
15、Topic Sentence,At the beginning of a paragraph,At the end of a paragraph,In the middle of a paragraph,No clear topic sentence,Work in groups of four and find the topic sentence of each paragraph!,1 Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer.
16、Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness)-cancer,cigarette smoking can also cause other health problems.For example,it can give one a“smokers cough”.Finally,studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds.Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer,cancer,s
17、moking is harmful.Is it worth it?,2 Often no one looks more guilty than the innocent.On the other hand,nobody may look more innocent than a professional criminal.And the man who knows“everything”may really only be trying to hide his own weakness.So,it is foolish to try to judge a person only by his
18、appearance.,3 Every bride wants her wedding to be the most wonderful day of her life.But perfect weddings require careful planning,whether the bride and bridegroom are planning a traditional wedding or just a registry office ceremony.Paying for the wedding,which is always a problem,will partly decid
19、e the choice.,Tom studied for four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and,later,Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a corporatio
20、n lawyer in Miami,Florida.The main idea of this paragraph is that _.A.Tom,who had studied at Paris Universities for four years,moved to another university.B.Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later from Boston College.C.Tom was an excellent student when he studied a
21、t Berlin university.D.Tom received an excellent education.,detail,detail,detail,Conclusion 1：How can we get the main idea of a paragraph？,(1)We can get the main idea of a paragraph by finding _，which may appear at the beginning of、in the middle of or at the end of a paragraph;(2)If we cant find a to
22、pic sentence from the paragraph,well have to,the main idea from the whole paragraph ourselves,the topic sentence,generalize(归纳）,特别提请注意的是，在段落中，虽然主题句可以放在不同的位置，但最常见的还是放在段首，这并不是说主题句一定就是该段的第一句话，而往往是在主题句之前还有一个承上启下的过渡句。,Activity 1,There are two paragraphs.Please infer a proper topic sentence,according to t
23、he given information,Passage 1 Give topic sentence Before entering a house in Japan,it is a good manner to take off your shoes.In European countries even though shoes sometimes become very muddy,this is not done.A guest in a Chinese house never finishes a drink.He leaves a little to show that he has
24、 had enough.In a Malaysian house,too,a guest leaves a little food.In England,a guest always finishes a drink to show that he has enjoyed it.It seems that manners in different countries are never the same.,Different countries and different races have different manners.,Passage 2 Give topic sentence E
25、xperiment show that smoking can cause cancer.Besides the most serious disease cancer,smoking can also cause other health problems.For example,it gives one a“smokers cough”.Finally,studies have shown it is easy for smokers to catch colds.Whether you get an unimportant cold or the terrible killer,canc
26、er,smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?,Smoking is harmful to your health.,What are supporting sentences?They come after the topic sentence,making up the body of a paragraph.What do they do?They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph.How do I write them?You should give supp
27、orting facts,details,and examples.,Supporting sentences,A supporting sentence should support the topic sentence by giving:reasons examples facts statistics quotations,No one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.（推展句1）Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste,we are no longer free to c
28、hoose the things we want,for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us.（推展句2）In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product,advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classified all our weaknesses.,There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in th
29、e world.First,Canada has an excellent health care system医保制度.All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price.Second,Canada has a high standard of education.Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at universities.Finally,Canadas cities
30、are clean and efficiently managed.Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live.As a result,Canada is a desirable place to live.,A major supporting sentence directly serves as the explanation of the topic sentence.Major supporting sentences are not necessarily related to each
31、other.A minor supporting sentence is to further develop the opinions presented by the major supporting sentence.It usually support the latter by giving examples,statistics,facts or quotations.,Please single out挑出 the sentence that fails to develop the topic sentence:,1.I easily give up doing my home
32、work.I always start to feel hungry and go into the kitchen for a snack.Ill leave my study to investigate any noise I hear.While I study,I try to listen to the music.For me,physics is the hardest subject.I often leave my desk to go the mirror to comb my hair.,2.One should know better than to be misle
33、d by advertisements.Look at the products themselves to see if they really are what the advertisers claim them to be.Talk to your friends to find out if they have had success with the products.Switch channels if a television program is interrupted by too many commercials.Above all,dont buy a product
34、because an advertisement says that a famous football player or a movie star likes it.,Please read the following paragraph and identify the irrelevant sentences Different people spend their weekends in different ways Some enjoy going to the mountains to hike,ski or just relax Water skiing is much mor
35、e difficult than snow skiing Others prefer going to the beach to enjoy the seashore activities and to get a suntan Some of these people work very hard during the week；others have rather relaxing jobs Still others like to relax by staying home and reading a good bookTopic Sentence：_Irrelevant Sentenc
36、es：_,Activity 2:Give supporting sentencesPlease tell us at least 3 supporting sentences according to the given topic sentence Topic sentence:Three reasons may account for(说明)the changes that have taken place in our life,Some tips for you to choose(1)living standard-improved,make-possible-spare-money
37、(2)be well paid-afford-what-need or like(3)people-prefer to-enjoy,One possible sample:Three reasons may account for the changes that have taken place in our lifeFirst of all，peoples living standard has been greatly improved,making it possible for them to spare enough money for something elseSecondly
38、，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or likeLast but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life,What is the closing sentence?The closing sentence is the sentence used to emphasize the main idea of the paragraph and to give deep impression on the readers.What
39、does it do?It restates the main idea of your paragraph.How do I write one?,Concluding Sentence,1)Restate the main idea.That is,repeat the basic idea of the topic sentence,but use synonyms.A“liberated woman”is simply a woman who controls her own life,rather than allowing it to be controlled by other
40、people,traditions,or expectations.A“liberated woman”can be found pursuing any line of work,including housework,or no work at all.She may or may not be married;she may or may not have borne children.She may belong to any race;she may have attained any age.She may be poor or wealthy,educated or illite
41、rate.She need have only one trait in common with her“liberated sisters”:she makes her own choices,whether they be the colors on her walls or the advanced degrees she seeks.She acts of her own volition,responsible to herself,and not out of fear of what her mother,lover,or neighbor might say.,2)Summar
42、ize the main points.That is,at the end of a paragraph state clearly the main points discussed in the support part.Mr.Cook,a renowned American historian,arranges the books on his bookshelves in a unique way.In the upper right hand corner,there are books about the development of the early colonies in
43、New England and the War of Independence.Right under them can be found books on the slave trade,the plantation system and the growth of the southern states.The left side of the shelf contains hundreds of books concerning subjects of the Westward Movement,Indian Culture,the cowboys contributions to Am
44、erican society and the Gold Rush in California.From the description above,one can see that Mr.Cook regards his bookshelves as a map of the U.S.and arranges his history books accordingly.It is odd,but it is convenient.,3)Show a result.When a paragraph presents a situation or a sequence of actions,the
45、 reader expects to know what happens eventually.People all over the world are learning English as a second language for many reasons.First of all,English has become the international language for communication and business.In a global economy,companies conduct business in overseas markets and commun
46、ication is vital when meeting with clients and partners.If both parties are able to communicate in the same language,it is then easier to reach decisions and make agreements without delay.Therefore,it is beneficial to learn English.,There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in
47、the world.First,Canada has an excellent health care system.All Canadians have access to medical services at a reasonable price.Second,Canada has a high standard of education.Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue studying at university.Finally,Canadas cities are
48、clean and efficiently managed.Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live.As a result,Canada is a desirable place to live.,4)Draw an inference.That is,get to an inference based on the information already given.In other words,come to a definite conclusion about the subject af
49、ter presenting the details.Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation.Albert Einstein,after a lengthy examination of the characteristics of matter and energy,formulated his famous Theory of Relativity,which now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics.Using plaster ca
50、sts of footprints fingerprints,and stray strands of hair,a detective pertinaciously pursues the criminal.After years of work Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of the spectra of some 350,000 stars.Investigations into the causes of polio have provided us with the means for prevention and
