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1、短文听写(Dictation),考试时间：15分钟总分：15分共一篇短文，长度约150个词，含15个左右意群，每个意群一分。共朗读四遍：第一，四遍以正常速度朗读，语速为每分钟120个词；第二三遍朗读时意群，分句间会留出15秒,听写的不同形式,1.标准听写2.部分听写3.干扰听写4.作文听写,1990年第一次专四，听写就是一个测试项目，分值为10分，比重为10%。1991-1993年，听写分值上升到15分，比重仍为10%。1994年至今，听写尽管仍为15分，但比重却上升至15%。答题纸上一般印有标题（也有例外，如2012）。题材广泛但不生僻，体裁多样，可分为叙述性、描写性、说明性的文章，难度适中
2、。评分标准,（一）主题分析,文体：说明文（exposition)题材广泛：介绍某物体或事物介绍某事物发展演变过程介绍某类人介绍某现象介绍节日介绍语言或技巧短文的语言难度中等,介绍某物体或事物,7/19（1992-2010）40%1992 Paperless World 1995 Unidentified Flying Objects 2002 Disappearing Forests 2003 Salmon 2005 The Wrist Watch 2006 The Internet 2007 Advertising,介绍某事物发展演变过程,3/19 18%1994 Change of the
3、 American Family1998 The Railways in Britain2004 Money,介绍某类人,2/19 12%1996 The Medicine Man2001 Characteristics of a Good Reader,介绍某现象,3/19 18%1993 Package Holidays1997 Legal Age for Marriage2008 Choosing a Career,介绍节日,2/19 1999 United Nations Day2009 New Years Eve,介绍语言或技巧,2/192000 Language2010 Fresh
4、mens Week,（二）测试目的,1.测试考生听力理解的能力2.测试拼写熟练程度3.测试正确运用标点符号的能力,（三）错误分析,A.由音变现象而导致的错误正确：More energy arrives at the earths surface in an hour than is consumed in the world in a whole year.错误：More energy arrives at the earths surface in a how than is consumed in the world in a whole year.正确:It is up to the t
5、our operator.错误:Its up to the tour operator.正确：Can you imagine how difficult life would become.错误：Can you imagine how difficult life will become.正确:Everywhere we turn,we find paper.错误:Everywhere we turn,we fine paper.,常见音变现象:连读,连读，即语速加快时，两个或多个分属不同单词的相邻音连在一起读出的语音现象。常见的连读分为以下三种：辅音+元音即第一个单词以辅音结尾，下一个单词以
6、元音开头时，两个词连读。如：out and out sit up look out of辅音+h音即第一个单词以辅音结尾，下一格单词以清辅音h开头，前一辅音将击穿清辅音h，直接与h后的元音相拼。如：giver her miss him is he busy字母r+元音即第一个单词以字母r或者re结尾，下一个单词以元音开头，原本不发音的字母r或者re发辅音r，并与后面的元音相拼。如：are in there are more and more where am I,2004,Flight 5125 scheduled to take off at 11:30 will be delayed fo
7、r 20 minutes.Please check in half an hour prior to departure.,常见音变现象:同化,英语口语中，某些音，特别是辅音连读通常发生音变，称作音的同化现象。常见的同化变音有四个t+j not yet last yeard+j did you could you and youz+j because you seize yous+j suit issue,常见音变现象：弱音,弱音指元音的弱化，即一个单词中的元音在口语中，由于说话速度快或在句中处于次要位置而不发标准读音，变为弱化元音的现象。常见的弱音现象：长元音弱化为短元音 he been元音
8、前的辅音省略或辅音前的元音弱读 his have元音弱化成？us for,常见音变现象:失去爆破,/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/是英语中的6个爆破音。（爆破音是指发音器官 在口腔中形成阻碍，然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音。）在 某些 情况下，发爆破音时，气流不必冲破阻碍，而只是发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍，并稍做停顿，即做好发出这个爆破音的准备，但不要发出音来。这类情况就叫做失去爆破或不完全爆破。,不完全爆破的几种可能,1./p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/这6个爆破音中的任何两个音素相邻时,前者发不完全爆破音,后者则要完全地，彻底地进行爆破。I has a ba(d)co
9、l(d)today.You shoul(d)ta(k)e care of the children.Gla(d)to meet you.2.爆破音/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/在/t?/,/d?/,/?/,/?/的前面时不完全爆破。Have you rea(d)the book about tha(t)child?The thir(d)chair is broken.3.爆破音/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/在/m/,/n/,/l/,/s/的前面时不完全爆破。Goo(d)morning,sir.Goo(d)night.They are very frien(d)l
10、y to us.,2009,For many people in the west,New Years Eve is the biggest party of the year.Its time to get together with friends or family and welcome in the coming year.,B.由英美两种发音差异而导致的错误,The fees and ceremonies vary(very)greatly from state and state.Todays family,however,can be composed of diverse c
11、ombinations.(cambinations)There are carefully scheduled(.)stops.,英音和美音的几大区别,美音中除了Mrs.中的“r”不卷舌之外，只要含有“r”字母的单词均要卷舌。spare burglar purpose chairman horse dirty ladder lecture weather,字母a的发音,ask cantdancefast halfpathchanceadvantageanswer.,字母o的读音,bottlepopularoddshopboxcrophotpolishspot.,美音中/t/出现在两个元音之间且
12、处于非重读位置的时候，发音近似/d/,lettermattercitybetterprettywaiterwinterchapter.,字母u在l,d,n,t 之后,发音不同,dueproduceattitudestudentopportunitysupermarkettunestupid.,ile的发音不同,fertilehostilemissiletextile.,特殊的单词,either neitherrecorddictionaryfactorylaboratoryhistory.,C.同音词与近音词,同音词 air-heir,aisle-isle,arent-aunt,bare-be
13、ar,brake-break,bred-bread,buy-by,cell-sell,cent-scent,cereal-serial,coarse-course,complement-compliment,dam-damn,dear-deer,die-dye,eight-ate,eye-I,fair-fare,father-farther,flour-flower,for-four,forth-fourth,groan-grown,hair-hare,heal-heel,hear-here,herd-heard,hole-whole,hour-our,idle-idol,knight-nig
14、ht,knot-not,know-no,knows-nose,knew-new,made-maid,mail-male,wring-ring,meat-meet,one-won,pair-pear,passed-past,peace-piece,plain-pear,poor-pour,pray-prey,principal-principle,profit-prophet,real-reel,right-write-rite,root-route,sail-sale,scene-sen,sea-see,seam-seem,sew-so-sow,sight-site,steal-steel,s
15、un-son,tail-tale,there-their,threw-through,tire-tyre,two-to-two,way-weigh,wear-where,weather-whether,week-weak,weight-wait,wood-would,wore-war,worn-warn,近音词,lead-lid,deed-did,peek-pickfool-full,pool-pullcart-cut,heart-hutmass-mess,bad-bed,dad-deadfight-fat,bike-back,lack-likeveil-whale,vest-west,vet
16、-wetsign-shine,sigh-shy,same-shamecourse-cause,fuss-fuzz,house-house,loose-loseworth-worse,path-pass,think-sinkthin-thing,sin-sing,ban-bang,right in-writinglace-race,collect-correct,light-rightneed-lead,night-light,nine-line,D.单词拼写错误,容易混淆的词尾visitor-visiterbuilder-buildordistributor-distributerresist
17、ance-resistenceindependence-independancelicense-lisence.,词性转换引起的错误,explainexhibitcomplexsympathy,拼写小结,注意数字的书写，避免数字表达法引起的错误认真核查单词的拼写，句首单词首字母要大写。注意单词中有不发音字母的拼写形式，并勤记录。如exhibit,honor,knife,island,comb,tomb注意单词中辅音字母的单双写问题。如success,necessary,command,disappear,commonplace,attitude,communication,E.语法错误,名词单
18、复数The medicine men(man)were often successful for another reason,too.语法规则：名词前若有a,an,则该名词必为单数名字前若是the，则该名词可能为单数也可能为复数 名字前若是few,a few,a good many,a great many,a number of等词或短语，则该名词一定为复数名词前若是little,a little,much,an amount of,a great deal of等词或短语，则该名词一定为不可数名词名词前若是some,any,a lot of,plenty of,a quantity of
19、,masses of等词或短语，则该名词可能为单数也可能为复数名词后的谓语是is,was，则该名词一定为单数名词后的谓语是are,were，则该名词一定为复数,因动词的时态，语态和单复数而引起的错误,The language which remains(remain)unchanged(unchange)is nothing but dead.(2000)In most states,a waiting period is required(require)before the license is issued.,冠词使用不当引起的错误,单数可数名词前必须加冠词，听写完后，必须检查冠词的使用
20、是否恰当。,F.由于背景知识缺乏而导致的错误,正确：in Victorian times错误：in victory times正确：the nuclear family错误：the new clear family正确：United Nations Day错误：United Nations Day,G.标点符号,The idea,for example,of being a painter or a musician may seem very attractive.(2008)The idea for example of being a painter or a musician may
21、seem very attractive.A three-day wait is the most common.(1997)A three day wait is the most common.For many people in the west,New Years Eve is the biggest party of the year.(2009)For many people in the west,New Years Eve is the the biggest party of the year.,阅读时多注意标点符号的应用。注意插入语前后都应该用逗号，如it is said,it is believed,it is reported,for example,for instance,I believe,I think,however,then,such as 注意不要漏掉名词所有格中的一撇和合成词的连字符状语从句在前时，一定要用逗号与主句分开。,（四）考场常见问题分析,1.听写习惯不好2.出现记忆短路3.容易心理紧张4.英语知识不扎实5.发生误听6.检查不力,（五）听写实战点睛与策略,1.克服心理障碍2.认真对待第一遍听音3.分清主次，有效记录4.掌握节奏，合理安排时间5.充分利用最后一遍听音6.仔细检查，注意书写,
