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1、连词的翻译,注意：在翻译连词时，切忌按字面意思追逐字翻译，一定要根据连词前后文的逻辑关系来翻译：He has read widely,if superficially.他阅读范围很广，即使都是浅尝则止。Teachers said they had some difficulties adjusting to the informality of American schools after working in a country where students leap to attention when a teacher enters the room.老师们说他们难以适应美国学校不拘小节
2、的氛围，因为在中国，老师一进教室，学生马上就打起了精神。,一 or1.Or用语否定句中，提出两种或多种事物时，与前面否定的关系是并列，追加或补充。可译为“也不”。He cant read or write.他不会读也不会写。He chouldnt speak clearly or correctly.他讲得既不清楚又不正确。2 or 表示否定的条件，相当于if.notMake up your mind,or youll miss the chance.3 当or 连接的主语只有两个时，or可译为“不是就是.”。Mary or Tom is wrong.不是玛丽错了就是汤姆错了,4 or 可以连
3、接两个词语或结构，表达让步关系。Walking or sleeping,she always has the question in her mind.（无论）吃饭睡觉，她总是想着这个问题。In or out,a spoiled child is often naughty.不管在家在外，一个被宠坏的孩子总是很调皮。,二 and 1 在nice(good,fine,lovely)and+形容词这个结构中，nice 相当于very.He looks nice and healthy.他看上去很健康。The grass is fine and tall.草长的高高的2 and 有时可以构成比喻A
4、false friend and a shadow attend only while the sun shines.假朋友如同影子，只有太阳照耀时才相随。Love and a cough cannot be hid.爱情如同咳嗽，是藏不住的。,3 表示前后文逻辑关系（purpose,cause,condition,time,apposition,concession)Rich and poor,all must drink.(concession)不论穷富，人都要喝水。Self-love is a cup without bottom,you might pour all the great
5、 lakes into it,and not fill it up.(result)自私是只没底的杯子，把五湖之水倾倒进去，也难以灌满。,How can I leave home,and my father is seriously ill.（time）我父亲病的这么重，这时候我怎么能离家呢？Aluminum is used as the engineering material for planes and spaceships and it is both light and tough.(cause)因为铝质地轻，韧性强，所以用作飞机和宇宙飞船材料。,三 before 1 before用
6、以表达动作前后关系，语义上有否定含义。表示“未来得及.就”.The day began to break before we got to the hill top.我们还没到山顶，天就开始亮了。Before I could say a single word,he ran away。我还没来得及说一句话，他就跑了。,2 在否定句中，before 可以和非延续性动词连用，可译为“不到不“。We will not begin the match before the downpour stops.大雨不停我们不开始比赛。People do not know the value of health
7、 until they lose it.人在失去健康时才知健康之可贵。3 在before从句 有know,relize,understand 等动词时，可译为“不知不觉就”.A month passed before he know it.又不知不觉过了一个月。She fell off the boat into the river before she knew it.她还没弄清楚怎么回事就从船上掉进了河里。,四 since Since 引导的从句用状态动词的过去式，since从句有时含有否定意味。I havent seen him since we were at school toget
8、her.自从我们离开学校不在一起以来，我们一直没有看到过他。How long is it since you were in London?你离开伦敦有多久了？,五 When 当连词when引导时间状语从句时，可译为：A.时When he listens to music,he falls asleep.他听音乐的时候，总要睡觉。Be careful when you are crossing the street.过马路时要当心。B when 引导的时间状语从句的动作先于主句动作时可以译为“之后”Ill go when Ive had dinner.吃过晚饭之后，我就去。,You can g
9、o home when the work is done.工作结束之后，你就可以回家了。C when 引导的时间状语从句动作发生在主句之后时，when 相当于and then 的意思。I had been puzzling over the problem for over an hour without any result,when all at once the solution flashed across my mind.这个问题把我难住了一个多小时，后来我突然找到了答案。,We played outside till sunset,when it began to rain.我们在
10、户外一直玩到太阳下山，那时天下起雨来。When 引导让步与条件从句的译法译为“虽然，尽管，如果就”They built the bridge in three months when everyone thought it would take a year.他们用三个月就把这座桥建成了，可那时候大家认为需要一年时间。,We have only three books when we need five.我们需要五本书，可我们只有三本。I cant tell you anything when you wont listen.如果你不想听，我就什么也不能对你讲了。How convince hi
11、m when he will not listen?如果他不听劝告，怎么才能说服他呢？,六 unless1 unless(如果不）=if.notIf you dont change your mind,I wont be able to help you.=Unless you 但当unless引出分词短语时，除外。Unless paying by credit card,please pay in cash.2 unless 表示例外的情况，译为“除非”。We had no snow this winter,unless in the mountain districts.,比较：I cou
12、ldnt have got to London in time unless Id had a helicopter.I couldnt have got to London in time if Id not had a helicopter.,七 until 句子肯定句时，可以译为“一直到为止”。句子否定式时，可以译为“直到，才”。She slept till nine.She didnt sleep till nine.People had no idea of radioactivity until Curie discovered radium.直到居里发现镭，人们才了解放射性。,注
13、意：比较下列两组句子：I didnt go to bed before midnight.我不曾在半夜以前就寝。（半夜或半夜以后就寝）I didnt got to bed until midnight.我到半夜才就寝。,八 what What+名词（关系代词=all the that)I gave him what little money I had.我把我身上仅有的钱给他了。She waited with what patience she could command.她竭力忍耐在等待。,练习,I will use what influence I have with the minist
14、er in your behalf.我当竭尽全力为君向部长推荐。I have come to render what service is in my power.我特来效劳。,What 作为副词What with and what with What by with what by What=somewhat,partly.What with teaching and what with writing,my time is wholly taken up.或因授课，或因写作，时间全无。,What by bribes and what by extortions,he was in prison.或因受贿，或因勒索，他坐了牢。,
