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1、全国高校网络教育大学英语（B）考试,阅读理解,提 纲,1、考试大纲要求2、解题技巧、步骤及注意事项 3、题型分析,1、考试大纲要求：,1.1 测试要求1.2 题型,1.1 测试要求,1.1.1 考生应能读懂与日常生活和社会生活相关的不同类型的文字材料，阅读速度为每分钟50个单词。,1.1测试要求：,1.1.2 在阅读中,考生应能够做到 以下几点：（1）理解文章的主旨要义；（2）理解文中具体信息；（3）根据上下文推测生词词义；（4）要进行有关的判断、推理和引申，理解作者的意图、观点或态度。,1.2 题型：,选择题，共2篇阅读文章。分值比例为30%，即30分。共10道小题，每题3分。从A、B、C、
2、D四个选项中选出最佳答案。答题时间约为20分钟 体裁主要有应用文、描述文、记叙文、说明文以及议论文等。题材包括历史地理常识、幽默故事、科普类文章、文化社会类文章、经贸类及人物介绍等。,2.解题步骤,1）通读全文 通读采用概读或略读法进行速读，即“skim”（read quickly to get the main idea）。考生在最短的时间内要达到以下目的：（1）理解短文主旨大意（2）辩识文体，掌握结构。记叙文要了解故事背景、时间、地点、人物活动等主要线索。论述文要了解其中心思想及其所做的阐述。,2.解题步骤,2）看题、寻读 即浏览短文后面的试题。在阅读试题的题干和四个选项以后，了解每个试题
3、的考查内容和题型，以便带着问题有目的地寻读短文，查找答案。,2.解题步骤,3）复读 复读采用跳读法，即“scan”（read quickly without careful reading,often looking for a particular thing,such as facts,names,time,figures,etc.）考生按照试题要求，有针对性地从短文中迅速找出所需要的关键信息。,2.解题步骤,4）核读 对感觉把握不大或较难的试题，尤其是概括归纳题、作者意图题等，可以根据全文及各题答案，反复思考，看其是否一致，是否合乎逻辑。尤其是对细节题、推理题、词义题等，不能仅凭主观想象
4、，要在文中的有关段落找到根据，以做到正确无误。,3、题型分析：,将阅读理解分为四种类型：3.1 主旨题(main idea questions)3.2 细节题(facts questions)3.3 推断题(inference questions)3.4 指代释义题(designation¶phrase questions),3.1 主旨题(main idea questions),3.1.1 常见的提问方式有：The passage is about The theme/main idea of the passage is What is the purpose/conclusio
5、n/view of the passage?The best title for this passage would be What does the passage mainly discuss?.,3.1 主旨题(main idea questions),3.1.2 命题特点：1）段首、段尾句通常是表达文章中心思想的主题句，为常考点；2）对比转折处往往表达作者的真实写作目的或观点，是文章的重要内容，为常考点；3）用一些常见的因果词，如because,for,as,since,therefore(因此),consequently(结果),lead to(导致)，owing to(由于)引导
6、的因果句用以表达文章主旨，为常考点。,3.1 主旨题(main idea questions),3.1.3 辨别主题句 一般而言，主题句具有语意完整、形式简洁、观点明确的特征，给人以“一言道破”的感觉。在有些文章中，段落主题句和语篇主题句一般位于段落或篇章的开头部分，开头就明确主题，然后展开讨论；在有些文章中，主题句则出现在段末或篇末，作为由具体事实引出的一般结论。,3.1 主旨题(main idea questions),3.1.4 干扰项的主要特点1）有些干扰选项只概括了局部信息，即某个自然段中的细节或某个自然段的大意，在做题时，切记晃一眼就匆忙做选择；2）有些干扰选项概括范围过宽，即选项
7、内容超出或多于文章阐述的内容；3）有些干扰选项涉及到无关信息，即文章本身无法推断出来的信息，也就是文章中没有提到也找不到语言依据的信息。,操练：3.1 主旨题(main idea questions),Example 1:The snow was falling very heavily.The sky was very cloudy.The wind was blowing very hardabout 45 miles per hour.It was-18 degrees outside.It was hard to see objects only a few feet in front
8、 of you.Q:Which of the following sentences best express the main idea of the paragraph?A.Its cold outside.B.Its winter time.C.The weather was changeable.D.The weather was terrible.,3.1 主旨题(main idea questions),Example 2:There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices.It is called the l
9、aw of supply and demand.Supply means the amount of,or access(接近)to certain goods.Demand represents the number of people who want those goods.If there are more goods than wanted,the price of them falls.On the other hand,if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply,then the price rise
10、s.Of course,manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices.,3.1 主旨题(main idea questions),Q:The title that best expresses the ideas of the passage is_.A.Economic Principle B.Law of Supply and Demand C.More Goods,Lower Prices D.Fewer Goods,Higher Prices,3.2 细节题(facts questions),3.2.1 常见的提
11、问方式有：Which of the following is(not)true?Which of the following is mentioned except?The reason for is that?,3.2 细节题(facts questions),3.2.2 命题特点：提问方式灵活多变，对象涉及到短文的各种具体细节，如时间、地点、原因、结果、方式等等。但有一个共同特点，答案一般都能在文章当中直接找到。有时候，命题者为了增加考题的难度，会有意避开文中所用的词汇，而用该词的同义词或相近的短语。在这种情况下，考生就需要根据题目所涉及的细节，在文中找到出处，对比选项后再作答。,3.2
12、细节题(facts questions),3.2.3 语言标志词：1）与主旨大意有关的重要事实或细节的词,如for example（比如说）,that is（那就是说）,it is essential（必要的）等2）表示因果关系的词,如because,since,so,as a result（结果）,derive from（来自,起源于）3）表示转折对立关系的词,如while然而,however但是,but,although虽然但是,yet,still,in fact事实上,on the other hand另一方面来讲,on the contrary相反,3.2 细节题(facts ques
13、tions),Example:One of the most important weapons used during the Second World War was not a weapon used against people,but rather a drug used against disease.The wartime use of penicillin(盘尼西林)saved thousands of lives.In the First World War,for example,pneumonia(肺炎)was responsible for eighteen perce
14、nt of all the deaths in the United States army.In the Second World War,the rate went down to less than one percent.In addition,penicillin was instrumental in keeping wounds from getting infected and in helping to speed the healing process of those wounds that did become infected.,3.2 细节题(facts quest
15、ions),Q 1:According to the passage,one of the leading causes of death during the first World War was _.A.gas B.accidents C.disease D.drugsQ 2:According to the passage,penicillin was useful in the Second World War for all of the following purposes except _.A.hurting the enemy B.treating pneumonia C.p
16、reventing infection D.healing wounds,3.3 推断题(inference questions),3.3.1 常见的提问方式：We can learn from the passage that从文章我们能知道 The passage/the author imply that这篇文章/作者暗示了 It can be concluded from the passage that从文章我们能得出结论,Which of the following is the authors view on?下面选项中哪个表明了作者的观点 The authors purpose
17、 of writing the passage is作者写这篇文章的目地是,3.3 推断题(inference questions),3.3.2 逻辑推理选择项的关键词：褒义词：positive（肯定的、积极的）,useful,efficient等贬义词：negative（否定的、消极的）,disgusting（令人厌恶的）,critical（批判的）,disapprove（不赞成）等中性词：indifferent（冷漠的）,neutral（中立的）等,3.3 推断题(inference questions),Example 1:Have you ever heard of a star th
18、at doesnt shine?Some stars have used up all their fuel.They are called“dead stars”.Scientists believe these stars must be very large and heavy,because they seem to push and pull other stars around them.Since we cannot see these dead stars,how do we know that they exist?Scientists can determine their
19、 existence by studying the movements of stars that do shine.Q:The story implies,but does not directly state that dead stars _.A.affect other stars B.are too far away to be seen C.force all smaller stars away D.do reflect light,3.3 推断题(inference questions),Example 2:Each day every person in the Unite
20、d States throws away more than five pounds of garbage(垃圾).There is more garbage now than ever before and most of it is made up of the packages and cans in which we buy our food.The traditional way of getting rid of solid wastes is quickly becoming inadequate.Many cities are doing experiment with new
21、er ways of handling their piles of garbage.One of these new ways is“recycling”(回收利用).Through recycling usable materials are taken out of garbage and made into something else.These usable parts of garbage are put through the cycle of going from a row material to a finished product again.,3.3 推断题(infe
22、rence questions),Q 1:Traditionally,garbage is thought to be _.A.a worthless burden to big cities B.something that can be reused C.a raw material for making new products D.able to recycle but difficult to handleQ 2:A lot of cities are trying new ways to treat garbage mainly because _.A.their environm
23、ent is becoming more and more dirty B.the traditional ways of treating wastes are not efficient C.they are short of useful material D.they need new material made from garbage,3.4 指代释义题(designation¶phrase questions),3.4.1 常见的提问方式：What is the meaning of“”in Line(含义)The word“”stands for(代表)Accordin
24、g to the passage,the phrase“”means(含义)The word/phrase/sentence“”in line“”refers to(指含义),3.4.2 几种推测词义的方法：1）利用同义词的释义例如：Jane is punctual,that is,every day she comes here on time.简很准时，也就是说，她每天都准时来这里。分析：that is(那就是说)引出对punctual的释义，即on time（准时，按时）。,3.4 指代释义题(designation¶phrase questions),3.4.2 几种推测词义的
25、方法：,2）利用例子例如：Select any of these periodicals:Times,Newsweek,Readers Digest or The New Yorker.从这些期刊中来选择：时代周刊，新闻周报，读者文摘或纽约时报。分析：根据Times,Newsweek,Readers Digest or The New Yorker的共同点，可以得出periodicals的释义，即周刊，杂志。,3）利用比较关系例如：The snow was falling.Big flakes drifted with the wind like feathers.雪正下着，鹅毛般的雪花随风飞
26、舞。分析：根据like feathers的比喻意义引出对flakes的释义，即“薄片”,3.4.2 几种推测词义的方法：,4）利用对照关系例如：Mary is talkative,but her sister is reticent.玛丽很健谈，但她的姐姐沉默寡言。分析：由but可知，两句话是相反的意思。从talkative(健谈的)可推出reticent（沉默寡言的）。,3.4.2 几种推测词义的方法：,5）利用常识例如：The door was so low that I hit my head on the lintel.门太低以至于我的头撞到了门梁上。分析：根据常识我们知道门的上面应该
27、是门梁，由此可知“lintel”的意思。,3.4.2 几种推测词义的方法：,4、解题窍门：,1）攻克词汇难关(p318词汇表)2）先看题再读短文 3）注意关键词 4）如何攻克长难句,认真审题，注意题目的提问 形式找出文中根据，在文中找到题目的原句,Which of the following statements is NOT true?The following statements are true EXCEPT_?Which of the following statements is not based on the passage?,仔细辨别四个选项之间的细微差别，读完四个选项再做判断,将与试题有关的词、句、语段划出来，标上试题的序号，然后对照进行查读，以做出判断,善于从短文、试题的题干、试题的四个选项中寻找线索,Practice:见书本模拟题 p120,
