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1、大学英语四级考试写作策略与方法,Li You,Outline,总 述真题回顾应 用 文议 论 文高分策略,议论文,一、真题分析二、万能框架Exercise,常见的写作类型,观点对比现状说明 原因列举 归纳结论图表描述 利弊分析 建议措施 举例论证注：对于某一个段落，我们可以单独运用某一种写作方法，也可以将以上方法相互融合,第一段,第二段,第三段,万能框架第一段,现状说明 1.Now people in growing numbers are beginning to realize that 描述现状.As to whether or not,there is no consensus of
2、opinions/there are some controversies/there is no agreement.(Some people claim that,while others believe that.)2.There is a nationwide/extensive/general discussion today about the issue of 现象.Peoples opinions differ greatly concerning/regarding this phenomenon.,万能框架第一段,现状说明 3.These days 现象 often hit
3、s the headlines of newspapers and has been brought into focus of the public.Indeed,it is widely accepted/acknowledged that it has gained increasing popularity among people in all walks of life/college students.4.Along with the advance of the society,more and more problems are brought to our attentio
4、n,one of which is that 描述现状.,万能框架第一段,现状说明 when asked about 5.when it comes to 现象,faced with peoples ideas/views vary from person to person.The vast majority of/Most people believe that 描述观点一,but other people regard 现象 as 描述观点二/consider differently.6.Recently,there is a tendency that 描述现状.For instanc
5、e,举例说明现状,especially 现状出现的范围.,万能框架第一段,图表描述(注意时态)1.As can be seen from the table,great changes have been taking place in 2005.2.From the above table it can be seen that 描述图表中的趋势.3.As it is shown in the table,描述图表中的趋势.,万能框架第一段,图表描述(注意时态)4.In 2001,it increased/decreased/rose/fell fromto5.By comparison w
6、ith 1999,it increased/decreased by6.The figure has nearly doubled,compared with that of last year.7.It accounts for/takes uppercent of the total.,万能框架第一段,图表描述(注意时态)twice8.The number is 4 times as much as that of 2003.half half9.The number was,less than a third of more than quarter the 1997 total.,万能
7、框架第二段,观点对比1.Those who are in favor of 现象 maintain that 描述观点1.In their view,阐释观点1.On the contrary,those who are against 现象 hold/point out that 描述观点2.Besides,阐释证实观点2.2.Some people advocate that 描述观点1.From their point of view,阐释观点1.Others hold the opposite opinion/adopt a totally different view/take an
8、 opposite side.They believe 描述观点2.,万能框架第二段,观点对比3.Those who criticize 现象 argue that 描述观点1 They believe that 阐释观点1 But people advocate 现象,on the other hand,claim that 描述观点2.In their eyes,阐释观点2.4.Although a lot of people believe that 描述观点1,others doubt/wonder whether the argument bears much analysis.经得
9、起分析 hold water.经得住考验 They consider/insist that 描述观点2.,万能框架第二段,原因列举1.There are plenty of/a number of/numerous reasons explaining this phenomenon.First and foremost,解释原因1.Secondly,解释原因2.Last but not the least,解释原因3.2.There are many reasons that may account for/contribute to/be responsible for 现象.To be
10、gin with,解释原因1.Then,解释原因2.Moreover,解释原因3.3.Three major elements/factors would be taken into consideration when analyzing 现象.First of all,万能框架第二段,原因列举4.The reasons of 现象 briefly/roughly lie in two aspects.For one thing,解释原因1.For another,解释原因2.5.The reasons that caused changes are diverse.On the one h
11、and,解释原因1.On the other hand,解释原因2.6.The phenomenon/change in 某方面 mainly results from/arises from the fact that 解释原因.,万能框架第二段,利弊分析1.某物/某现象 undoubtedly plays an essential/significant role in modern life.2.The merits of 某物/某现象 are obvious.As we all know,it brings us benefits and convenience Despite the
12、se advantages,some people claim,we should not lose sight of its adverse effects on people/environment,etc.,万能框架第二段,利弊分析3.Good/Convenient/Beneficial/Useful as A is,it has its own disadvantages.For one thing,解释原因1;for another,解释原因2.4.Admittedly,they(it)might benefit us in a short term.Unfortunately,th
13、ey will do us harm in more than one way/lead to a number of problems.,万能框架第二段,利弊分析5.There is no denying that every thing has one more face and 某物/某现象 is no exception.On the one hand,.On the other hand,6.The advantages of 某物/某现象 far outweigh the potential disadvantages.,万能框架第二段,举例论证 1.To illustrate t
14、his point,I can think of no better example than the following example.2.Numerous examples can be given,but this/these will suffice.(v.足够)3.This case effectively clarify the fact that 4.This story tells that,段 首,段 末,万能框架第三段,归纳结论(段首)1.From my perspective,I approve ofIn my opinion,I stand on the side o
15、f As far as I am concerned,proper measures should bePersonally speaking,taken to(do sth.)2.From what has been discussed above,we may safelyTaking into account all those features,+draw theJudging from all evidence offered,conclusion that,万能框架第三段,归纳结论(结尾)3.It is high time that we placed great emphasis
16、 on(虚拟)我们早就该重视这个问题了。4.It is high time we put an end to the undesirable phenomenon of(虚拟)5.There is no doubt/no denying that further attention must be paid to the problem of毫无疑问，对这个问题应给予进一步的关注。,万能框架第三段,建议措施1.It is necessary that effective actions should be taken to prevent the situation from getting
17、worse.2.We should appeal to the authorities to make strict laws to control this problem.3.Only in this way can we solve the problem.,万能框架第三段,建议措施4.Hence,it is imperative for us to enhance/cultivate/raise the awareness of(e.g.environmental protection)5.I believe we humans can overcome this difficulty
18、 and we will have a brighter future.,观点对比型模板一,1 Nowadays,wherever you go,you will hear people talk about 现象.2 Whether you like it or not,it has become a part of our life.3 Some people who are in favor of 现象 maintain that 概述观点一.4 In their view,详述观点一.5 On the contrary,those who are against 现象 argue th
19、at 概述观点二.6 Besides,详述观点二.7 From my point of view,I stand on the side of观点一或二.8 For one thing,解释原因一.9 For another,解释原因二.10 Therefore,总结.,观点对比型模板二,1 Views on(Attitudes towards)现象 vary from person to person.2 Some people think that 概述观点一.3 They hold this opinion because(they think)详述观点一.4 Others,howeve
20、r,take a negative/positive attitude to 现象.5 From their point of view,概述观点二.6 Moreover,详述观点二.7 As far as I am concerned,/If asked my attitude,I am inclined to agree with the former/the latter point of view.8 I hold this attitude/opinion/view because 原因.9 Its true that 描述观点一或二的优点,but it doesnt mean th
21、at 描述观点一或二的缺点.10 Therefore/In a word/In short,总结.,1 At present/In recent years/Nowadays,great importance has been attached to 现象.2 It may someday become the main trend when 详述现状.3 Three major elements/factors would be taken into consideration when analyzing this phenomenon.4 First of all,解释原因一.5 Mor
22、eover,解释原因二.6 Last,解释原因三.7 For instance,举例说明.8 Everything has both positive and negative aspects,and 此现象is of no exception.9 On the one hand,描述此现象的优点.10 However,描述此现象的缺点.,原因列举型模板(现状-原因-评价),原因列举型模板(现状-原因-措施),1 Along with the advance of the society,more and more issues are brought to our attention,one
23、 of which is that 描述现象.2 To name only a few,举例说明此现象.3 There are many reasons that may account for/contribute to/be responsible for the above phenomenon.4 To begin with,解释原因一.5 Then,解释原因二.6 Moreover,解释原因三.7 A case in point is that 举例说明原因.8 In view of the seriousness of this problem,it is high time th
24、at 概述解决方法.9 On the one hand,详述措施一.10 On the other hand,详述措施二.11 With these measures taken,it is reasonable for us to believe that the problem will be solved in the near future.,利弊分析型模板一,1 Recently the issue of whether or not 讨论现象 has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public.2
25、 There are two major arguments that can be made for the merits of 现象.3 For one thing,描述优点一.4 For another,it is widely hold that 描述优点二.5 Despite these advantages,some people claim,we should not lose sight of its adverse effects on 缺点一.6 For instance,举例说明缺点一.7 In addition,描述缺点二.8 Personally speaking,t
26、he advantages of 此现象 far outweigh the potential disadvantages.9As long as 提出措施,we can maximize the benefits and minimize the harmful influence.,利弊分析型模板二,1 Nowadays,following the high speed of the development of information technology/economy,描述现状.2 Taking a look around,we can find examples too numer
27、ous to list,ranging from 例一 to 例二.3 Undoubtedly,此现象 plays an essential/significant role in modern life.4 Firstly,描述优点一.5 And secondly,描述优点二.6 Just as a popular saying goes,“every coin has two sides”,此现象 is no exception.7 To begin with,描述缺点一.8 In addition,描述缺点二.9 From my perspective,此现象 should be vie
28、wed as a two-edged sword,which presents us with both advantages and troubles.10 Whatever effects it has,one thing is certain,此现象 itself is neither good nor bad.11 It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to our society.,图表型模板,1 It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/numbe
29、r/amount of 纵轴 has undergone dramatic changes.2 It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years(as varies).3 At the point of 横轴,纵轴 reaches its peak value of 数字.4 A number of factors could account for the change in the chart,but the following are the most critical ones.5 First of all
30、,列举原因一.6 More importantly,列举原因二.7 Most important of all,列举原因三.8 From the above discussions,we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future.9 It is reasonable for us to believe that 描述趋势(if necessary measures are not taken).,问题解决型模板,1At present,the problem arousing widest concern
31、 is 现象.2 Actually,citizens in mounting numbers are inclined to 描述现象.3 This point can be illustrated by the fact that 举例说明.4 Nevertheless,the prevalence of 此现象,directly or indirectly,causes a host of dilemma.5 For one thing,描述危害一.6 For another,描述危害二.7 In my perspective,the remedy for problems lies in
32、 措施一.8 Also,governments and authorities concerned should 措施二.9 In a word,though these solutions may not be once-for-all ones,we have every reason to hope these obstacles could be overcome in the near future.,Back,Exercise 2,Directions:for this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay e
33、ntitled On Training Classes.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1.社会上有各种各样的培训班2.该现象产生的原因3.我的看法,All across the country a great diversity of custom-made classes are mushrooming,in which special training is provided concerning computer skills,arts,sports,and other extr
34、acurricular specialties like maths and writing.Among them language crash courses for various tests,such as CET,BEC,TOFEL,IELTS,GRE and so forth,are especially noticeable for its wide range and high attendance rate.Some consider it advisable to attend such classes while others believe it unnecessary.
35、The former argues that its far more effective to command these special skills with the help of an experienced trainer than to work at them on their own.They are,convinced that these training classes can make up for what is not taught in school,hence,more competitive edge over their peers.The latter
36、group of people,nonetheless,criticize it as a sheer waste of resources.They warn that the quality of most training courses is questionable,as they are marketed to get money out of our pocket rather than get knowledge into our head.As far as I am concerned,a little bit of such special training does u
37、s no harm,but too much of it can only prove to be counter-productive.Anyhow,the deprived free time can be better invested in recreation at weekends,talking to an old friend,or simply enjoying a long-overdue vacation.,Exercise 3,Directions:for this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short ess
38、ay entitled My View on American TV Dramas.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1.在中国，美剧越来越受到年轻人的欢迎2.有人认为看美剧能够提高英语水平，有人认为美剧会给青少年带来不良影响3.我的观点,Nowadays,there is a tendency for the youth to watch American TV dramas.More and more people,especially the Englishlearnersare k
39、een on them.Some people hold the opinion that watching AmericanTV dramas can foster their language sense.While enjoying the fantastic stories,they can learn some English expressions and practice their listening.Other people think the American TV dramas may play a negative role in young peoples lives
40、 due to different cultural background.,As farasI am concerned,I prefer the former opinion.Instead of learning English with difficulty,I would rather master it thought an easy way.In addition,American TV dramas present us with not only different cultures but also native English expressions which are
41、vital to have a good command of it.,高分策略,一、5C法则二、经典句型三、遣词四、连贯性的处理,Next,高分策略-5C法则,1、字迹清楚，段落明朗(clear)：字体不要太大，也不要太小，以行间距的三分之一到二分之一为合适；另外，大小要一致，不要忽大忽小；字母的倾斜方向要一致，不要东倒西歪；要抵着给出的虚线写，不能上窜下跳；段落一般为三段，采用段首缩进式，即每段开头空4至8个字母的格，每段段首缩进的量要一致，要让阅卷人一目了然。2、内容完整，紧扣提纲(complete)：一般来说，四、六级写作都会给出三点汉语提纲，考生应严格按照三点写成三段。不要有遗漏，也
42、不要随意改变提纲要点的顺序。,3、首保正确，再求闪光(correct)：在写作时间和篇幅都比较短的情况下，考生写出的内容几乎是一样的，唯一的判断标准几乎就是语言的质量。要首先保证语法和拼写正确，有能力的话再追求闪光的词句。例如:There is no denying the fact that the vital of name has been a hotly debated topic in China.注意：1）vital，是个形容词，而这里应该用名词。作者可能想用一个牛词来替换importance以显示用词多样，结果弄巧成拙。2）name之前应该有冠词a，缺乏基本的语法意识。其实作文中
43、常犯的语法错误除了冠词错误，还包括时态错误、名词和动词单复数错误、代词不一致错误、词性错误以及句子主谓不完整错误。,4、先总后分，连词用上(coherent)：这里说的是段落的结构和连贯性的问题。英语文章特别喜欢先总后分或开门见山的格局，另外，段落之间和句子之间的形式连接手段特别明显，即关联词用的很多。在写作的时候，几乎就是把给出的三点提纲作为每段的开头句，然后再加上两三个扩展句即理由或例证句就可以了。当然有时候为了论证自然或扩展字数也可以加上一点铺垫的句子。论证句或扩展句之间最好有连接词，如First,Second,Besides,Also,Similarly,In the same way
44、,However等等。,5、语言简练，论据得当(concise)：不要啰嗦，不要过于重复和堆砌。有些考生背诵了一些经典的句型，为了凑字就全用上了，给人低层次的感觉。如：As far as I am concerned,weighing the pros and cons of the arguments,I am inclined to agree with the latter point of view.考生应尽量平时多练，以期在考场上也能很快想到一些有力的理由和贴切的例证。另外，要敢于表达自己的思想，不要一味地为了保证语言正确而裹步不前，只说一些小学生的话。如有同学写道：Some peo
45、ple think that names are important.They say that,if a person has a name,we can remember him.If he does not have a name,we cannot remember him.这样的作文即使没有语言错误，但肯定也得不了高分。,Back,高分策略经典句型,1）主语从句 It is common knowledge that It is self-evident/conceivable/obvious/apparent thatIt goes without saying that It i
46、s universally acknowledged thatIt is.that.,高分策略经典句型,2）宾（表）语从句 Can you tell me what kind of show they are putting on?The problem is not who will go,but who will stay.,高分策略经典句型,3）定语从句（限定性和非限定性）As is shown/demonstrated/illustrated/depicted/describedin the cartoon/picture/graph/table,Students can choose
47、 the teacher according to their interests,which will be helpful for their future careers.,高分策略经典句型,4）状语从句（时间，原因，地点，条件，让步，转折等）As long as we can arrange the time reasonably,they will definitely provide more benefits for us.Whatever the reason is,there are still some problems with student use of comput
48、ers.,高分策略经典句型,5）分词短语做定语或状语 Those wishing to join this club should sign here.Abundant recreational activities are available for people to release their strain and stress,ranging from sports to online activities.,高分策略经典句型,6）倒装句 Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem.Not only shou
49、ld we enhance our awareness,(but)we should also appeal to the authorities to make strict laws.,高分策略经典句型,7）被动句 Some measures should be taken to deal with the problem.Many instances could be found to support this type of opinion.It is believed that,Back,高分策略-遣词,因为 on account of;owing to;given that;see
50、ing that关于 concerning;surrounding;regarding经常 frequently;commonly;normally 很;非常 exceptionally;significantly;extremely越来越 increasingly;an increasing number of应该 be supposed/expected/obliged/to do当前;现在 currently;presently;at present许许多多 a great many;many a;a large number of 大部分 A vast/An overwhelming
