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1、Unit 3,Part A Text(Preserving our planet)Part B Grammar(比较级)Part C Supplementary Reading(Art for sale),Part A Text(Preserving our planet),I.Background IntroductionGlobal warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earths near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projec
2、ted continuation.According to the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),global surface temperature increased 0.740.18C(1.330.32F)during the 20th century Most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century has been caused by in
3、creasing concentrations of greenhouse gases,which result from human activity such as the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation.Global dimming,a result of increasing concentrations of atmospheric aerosols that block sunlight from reaching the surface,has partially countered the effects of warming
4、induced by greenhouse gases.,Ozone depletion describes two distinct,but related observations:a slow,steady decline of about 4 percent per decade in the total volume of ozone in Earths stratosphere(the ozone layer)since the late 1970s,and a much larger,but seasonal,decrease in stratospheric ozone ove
5、r Earths polar regions during the same period.The latter phenomenon is commonly referred to as the ozone hole.In addition to this well-known stratospheric ozone depletion,there are also tropospheric ozone depletion events,which occur near the surface in polar regions during spring,Zimbabwe is a land
6、locked country located in the southern part of the continent of Africa,between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers.It is bordered by South Africa to the south,Botswana to the southwest,Zambia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east.Zimbabwe has three official languages:English,Shona(a Bantu language)
7、,and Ndebele(also a Bantu language).,Peru officially the Republic of Peru is a country in western South America.It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia,on the east by Brazil,on the southeast by Bolivia,on the south by Chile,and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.,II.Language Points,1.Despi
8、te decades of scientific research,no one yet knows how much damage human activity is doing to the environment.despite:notwithstanding;in spite of;regardless prep.不管,不顾,尽管 e.g.He came to the meeting despite his illness.尽管生病，他还是来参加会议。Despite all our efforts we still lost the game.尽管我们尽了全力，我们还是输掉了比赛。Us
9、eful expression:in spite of 不管,尽管,任凭 despite 不管,尽管,任凭 decades of:years of/miles of 数十，几十年 useful expression:a couple of decades二三十年,2.what is not in doubt,however,is devastating effect humans are having on the animal and plant life of planet.“what is not in doubt,of the planet.”:Nobody would suspect
10、,however,that humans are having ruinous effect on the animal and plant life of the planet.It implies that nobody would deny the fact that humans are doing tremendous damage to the animal and plant life of the earth.devastating:wreaking or capable of wreaking complete destruction;physically or spirit
11、ually devastating;often used in combination adj.毁灭性的,破坏性的,惊人的,压倒性的,有魅力的,e.g.A smouldering cigarette can kindle a devastating bushfire.闷燃着的香烟会引起毁灭性的林区大火。The area is subject to devastating seasonal winds.这个地区常遭破坏性季风的袭击。You look devastating in that new dress.你穿那套新衣服看上去漂亮极了。The team ran its winning stre
12、ak to seven with a devastating performance.这个队伍以压倒性的表现获得七连胜。,3.So,if you lose a key species,you might cause a whole flood of other extinctions.So,a whole flood of other extinctions.:So,if you remove an extremely important species from the earth,you might cause the extinction of a lot of other specie
13、s.4.Complicating matters is the fact there are no obvious solutions to the problem.Complicating matters to the problem.:This is an inverted sentence.It means the fact that there are no obvious solutions to the problem complicates matters.,5.Unlike global warming and ozone depletionwhich,if the polit
14、ical will was there,could be reduced by cutting gas emissions preserving bio-diversity remains an intractable problem.intractable:not tractable;difficult to manage or mold adj.难驾驭的,倔强的,难加工的,难治疗的 e.g.We are facing an intractable problem.我们面临着一个难以解决的问题。No easy fix for an intractable problem.没有简单的办法解决难
15、题.,6.This means humans should be able to use any species of animal or plant for their benefit,provided enough individuals of that species are left alive to ensure its continued existence.“,providedthat”:on condition that7.Sustainable management is seen as a practical and economical way of protecting
16、 species from extinction.be seen as:see sb.as 把看作;regard as把看作;look upon/on as把看作;view as把看作;think of as认为;treat as,practice:realistic实用的、务实的e.g.We can offer you practical suggestions on how to increase the fiber in your daily diet.我们可以提供建议，提高日常食谱中的纤维含量。protect sb.from:protect sb.against 这两个短语动词同义，都
17、作“防御”讲，只是 protect sb.against多半对付较大的事件，而 protect sb.from则多半对付较小的事件。e.g.Our PLA men protect us against invasion 我们的解放军战士保卫我们，抵御侵略。Miss Nash has worn a fur coat to protect her from the cold 纳希小姐已穿上毛皮大衣来御寒。本实用的手册教授你关于放松和时间管理的知识。,8.This sounds like a sensible strategy,but it remains to be seen whether it
18、 will work.sensible:showing reason or sound judgment;reasonable;able to feel or perceive adj.明智的,合情理的,可觉察的 e.g.It was a sensible idea,I felt.我觉得这是切合实际的想法。To wink at rudeness in children is not sensible.对小孩粗鲁的行为视若无睹是不明智的。Useful expression:sensible of 感觉,觉得,.be sensible of知道,觉察到,9.With corruption popu
19、lar in many developing countries,some observers are suspicious that the money will actually reach the people it is intended for.corruption:moral perversion;impairment of virtue and moral principles n.腐败 e.g.Its a crusade against corruption.这是一场反腐败的运动。Corruption stands in the way of the development o
20、f the society.贪污腐败妨碍社会的发展。Useful expression:graft and corruption贪污腐化,suspicious:openly distrustful and unwilling to confide;leery;mistrustful adj.多疑的 e.g.His strange behavior made the police suspicious.他不寻常的举止引起了警察的怀疑。Useful expression:suspicious of对.怀疑的 be suspicious about 对感到怀疑 be intended for:打算供
21、.用,想用于,预定给,想用作,10.There are also questions about whether sustainable management is practical when it comes to protecting areas of great bio-diversity such as the worlds tropical forests.“when it comes to protecting areas”:when concerning the protection of areas,11.Sustainable management of forests r
22、equires controls on the number of trees which are cut down,as well as investment in replacing them.“Sustainable management in replacing them.”:Sustainable management of forests requires that we not only control the number of trees which are cut down,but also spend some money on the replanting of new
23、 trees.,12.Because almost all tropical forests are located in countries which desperately need income from logging,there are few regulations and incentives to do this.“there are few regulations and incentives to do this.”:There are few regulations for people to control the number of trees which are
24、cut down,and there is also little encouragement for people to replant new trees.incentive:an additional payment(or other remuneration)to employees as a means of increasing output 奖金,鼓励 e.g.They dont try very hard if there is no incentive.没有奖励，他们工作就不太努力。,13.In theory,consumers would buy only this woo
25、d and so force logging companies to go“green”or go out of business.“and so force logging companies to go“green”or go out of business.”:and so force logging companies to protect the environment instead of cutting down too many trees to completely destroy the forest.Otherwise,the companies would be li
26、kely to lose their business.,14.Unfortunately,unrestricted logging is so much more profitable that wood from managed forests would cost up to five time more an increase that consumers,no matter how“green”,are unlikely to pay.“that consumers,no matter how green,”:No matter how consumers are active in
27、 protecting the environment.up to:so far as直到；busy or occupied with 胜任，多达 e.g.I dont feel up to the task.我不能胜任这工作。,15.If we make a mess of it,we cant move to another planet its a case of one planet,one experiment.“its a case of one planet,one experiment.”:This sentence implies that we have to make t
28、he experiment we are conducting with the earth successful,because we have only one earth.In other words,we have to take measures to protect our environment,otherwise,the earth will be destroyed one day and may cause the extinction of humans too.make a mess:搞乱,搞成一团糟 e.g.You are getting the papers int
29、o a muddle.你把文件都搞乱了。She always makes a mess of things;shes a prize idiot.她总是把事情弄糟;她是个不折不扣的大笨蛋。,Part B Grammar(Comparative Degree),英语中的形容词和副词常常用于比较结构，在表达这一结构时要有特别的形式，分为“比较级”和“最高级”。比较级：比较级comparative degree 在英语中通常用下列方式表示的词：在形容词或副词前加more(如 more natural,more clearly)或加后缀-er(newer,sooner)。典型的是指形容词或副词所表示的
30、质、量或关系的增加。英语句子中，将比较两个主体的方法叫做“比较句型”。其中，像“A比B更”的表达方式称为比较级。组成句子的方式是将形容词或副词变化成比较级的形态。最高级：最高级表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时，用最高级。形容词的最高级前面要加定冠词the，副词最高级前面的the可以省略。在含有最高级的句子中，常有一个in/of短语来表示比较范围。屈折语一般用一定的屈折变化表示形容词的比较。普通比较称为比较级，最高比较称为最高级。,比较级,比较级的构成一、形容词级的构成 1.单音节形容词的比较级以及以-ly,-er,-ow结尾的形容词在词尾加-er；以e结尾的形容词在词尾直接加-r构成，重读
31、闭音节双写末位字母再加er。darkdarker;quickquicker;clevercleverer;simplesimpler;narrownarrower。2.多音节形容词的比较级在其前加more构成。importantmore important;beautifulmore beautiful。3.表语形容词以及由分词变来的形容词，在其前加more构成。afraid more afraid;interestingmore interesting;pleasedmore pleased。4.少数形容词的比较级是不规则的。goodbetter;badworse;farfarther/fu
32、rther。5.以辅音加y结尾的，把y变i，加er。earlyearlier,基本句型,原级比较1.由“as+形容词+as”或“as+形容词+名词+as”构成。My grandpa is as energetic as a young man.Exercise is as useful a way as any other to lose unwanted weight.I try to find as much information as I can about what happened.2.由“not so(as)+形容词+as”或“not so(as)+形容词+名词+as”构成。Lu
33、ckily the weather was not so wet as it is today.不同级比较1.由“形容词比较级+than”构成。He is more concerned about others than about himself.2.由“many/much more+可数/不可数名词+than”My friend earned much more money than I did last year.,特殊句型,1.表示“越来越”的意思:“比较级+and+比较级”或“more and more/less and less+原级”结构，与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow,ge
34、t,become等。She felt herself becoming more and more nervous.As the winter is drawing near,its getting colder and colder.2.表示两者之间更the+比较级+of the two+名词。Jane is the taller of the two children in our family.3.表示“越，越”:“the+比较级，the+比较级”，The more magazines you sell,the more money you will get.4.“否定+比较级”相当于最
35、高级。Wait until we get a satisfactory reply,will you?I couldnt agree more.The idea sounds great to me.5.“a+比较级+名词（than）”结构常出现在以never构成的完成时态的动词后面。How beautifully she sings！I have never heard a better voice.6.倍数表示法：times as+形容词原级+as；times+形容词比较级+than；times the+性质名词+of。The dining hall is three times as l
36、arge as that one.The dining hall is three times larger than that one.The dining hall is three times the size of that one.,注意事项1.为了避免重复,常用the one代替单数可数名词,the ones,those 代替复数名词,that 代替单数或不可数名词。2.当比较对象属于同一范围时，需使用other来排除自身，否则会造成与自身相比较的矛盾。Canada is larger than any other country in North America.3.“no+形容
37、词的比较级+than”结构表达对两者均否定。Dont be proud so early.You are no better than me 4.比较级前面可以用even,still,yet,any,much,a little,a lot,by far等修饰语用以加强语气或表示比较程度。To tell you the truth,my boyfriend is much older than me.,最高级,英语最高级的构成1.穿鞋式 1)单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加-er 和-est 构成:great(原级)greater(比较级)greatest(最高级)2)以-e 结尾的单
38、音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-r 和-st 构成:3)少数以-y,-er,-ow,-ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-er 和-est 构成:clever(原级)cleverer(比较级)cleverest(最高级)4)以-y 结尾,但-y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把-y 去掉,加上-ier 和-iest 构成.happy(原形)happier(比较级)happiest(最高级)5)以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加-er和-est。big(原级)bigger(比较级)biggest(最高级)2.戴
39、帽式词前另加most（用于多音节或其他双音节形容词或副词）3.特殊式表示好、坏、多、少、远、年长几个特殊词汇 good/well-better-best ill/bad/badly-worse-worst many/much-more-most little-less-least far有两种1.距离上的远和更远 far-farther-farthest 2.程度 far-further-furthest old有两种1.比大 old-older-oldest 2.作定语修饰其他名词 old-elder-eldest 如elder sister【注】形容词前如加 less 和 least 则表
40、示较不和最不 important 重要 less important 更不重要 the least important 最不重要,最高级的用法用于三者或三者以上的比较时,表示“最.”这个概念要用最高级形容词，最高级前一般要加the，并有介系词片语、子句或所有格表示比较范围。例句 1.表示在某一场所中最.,和in引导的介系词片语连用。I am the tallest in our class.我是我们班里个子最高的。2.表示在不少于三者的同类中“最.”,和of或among引导的介系词片语连用。My movements are the most graceful of us three.三个人中我
41、的动作是最优雅的。3.表示在已有的经验中“最.”,子句表示比较范围。Racing is the most interesting sport Ive ever known.赛跑是我知道的最有趣的运动。4.用代名词的所有格表示比较范围。You are always my fondest star.你永远是我最喜欢的明星。,最高级的使用中的注意事项1.最高级可被序数词或 much，far(much的跟屁虫)by far，nearly，almost，by no means，not quite，not really，nothing like,（rather不能修饰最高级）等词语所修饰.例如：This
42、hat is by far/much/nearly/almost/not nearly/by no means/not quite/nothing like the biggest How much did the second most expensive hat cost?2.表示“最高程度”的形容词，如 excellent，extreme，perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级 3.形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略 He is the tallest(boy)in his class 4.作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词 例如：0f all th
43、e boys he came(the)earliest,5.形容词最高级前通常要加定冠词the,而以下几种情况一般不需要加定冠词the:a.形容词最高级前有序数词、物主代词、指示代词或名词所有格等限定词修饰时,最高级前不用the。如:The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国第二长河。b.形容词最高级在句中作表语而比较范围又不明确时,最高级前不用the。如:They are happiest on Saturdays.他们在星期六最快乐。c.如果两个形容词最高级并列修饰同一个名词时,第二个形容词最高级前不加the。如:
44、He is the youngest and tallest boy in his class.他是班上年龄最小、个子最高的男孩。d.如果形容词最高级用来加强语气,作很;十分;非常之意时,前面不加the。但形容词最高级作单数名词的定语时,可用不定冠词a/an。如:That book is most interesting.那本书非常有趣。e.作宾语补足语的形容词最高级前不加the。如:I found it most difficult to get to sleep.我发现入睡最难。f.在一些固定用法中,最高级前通常省略the。如:With best wishes for you.向你致以最美
45、好的祝愿。h.副词的最高级与形容词最高级的区别在于副词最高级前可不加定冠词the 如:He draws best 他画的最好。,Part C Supplementary Reading(Art for sale),put it up for auction at Sothebyseventually damage Londons credibilitymake his allegationson a regular basisstart its own internal inquiryquestion the reliability and honestyas far as the EU is
46、 concernedput an end tolose out,That reputation came under threat.If passed in Britain,the EU laws would make London a much less attractive place to purchase art treasures.It is widely acknowledged that the art would often turns a blind eye to the kinds of practices highlighted by Peter Watson.,Thank you!,
