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1、英语连词(1),2011-03-23,一、并列连词,1、表示对等关系的并列连词。使用该类并列连词时必须保持结构对等，词性统一，在句子中要使用对等成分，不可失之偏颇。常用的该类连词有：and，eitheror，neithernor，as well as，bothand，not onlybut also。如： This is an old clock that is not only very handsome but also accurate 2、表示选择关系的并列连词。常用的该类连词有：or，or else，otherwise，rather than，eitheror。如： You shou
2、ld get the license right away，or youll have to pay a fine,3、表示转折和对比关系的并列连词。常用的该类连词有：but，while，whereas，yet，however，nevertheless，on the other hand，on the contrary。如： She is a funny girl，yet you cant help liking her 4、表示因果关系的并列连词。常用的该类连词有：so，for，therefore，hence，thus，consequently，accordingly。如： It was r
3、aining heavily，so the sports meeting was postponed,二、从属连词,1、引导时间状语的从属连词。该类连词除一些常用的外，还包括：as soon as，the moment（一就），the minute，the instant，once， immediately（一就），no soonerthan （一就），hardlywhen（刚就）。 如： He told me the news immediately he got it 2、引导地点状语的从属连词。该类连词有两个：where和wherever。如： Where there is a life
4、，there is a hope 3、引导条件状语的从属连词。该类连词除if，unless和if only（要是就好了），还有： provided（that），providing（that），supposing（that），suppose，in case（that），as long as（只要），on condition that。如： If only I had more money，I could buy some new clothes,4、引导目的状语的从属连词。该类连词主要有：so that，that，in order that，lest，for fear that， in case
5、（that）。例如：She worried for fear that the child would be hurt 5、引导原因状语的从属连词。该类连词主要有：as，because，since，in that， now that（既然），seeing that（鉴于）。例如： Seeing that it is eight oclock，well wait no longer 6、引导比较状语的从属连词。该类连词主要有：as，asas，less（more） than，the morethe more。例如： The more we can do for you，the happier we
6、 will be,7、引导方式状语的从属连词。该类连词主要有：as，as if（好像），as though（好像）。例如： Heat can flow from a hot body to a cooler body as if it were a fluid 8、引导结果状语的从属连词。该类连词主要有：sothat，suchthat，so（that）。例如： He is such an honest man that everyone would like to trust him 9、引导让步状语的从属连词。该类连词主要有：though，although，even if，even thou
7、gh， while，as，whatever，however，whoever，no matter（不管）。例如： Hard as he tried，he failed to pass the exam,三、连接代词和连接副词,这类词用来引导名词性从句。连接代词有：that，which，what，who，whose等；连接副词有：when，where，how，why等。,四、关系代词和关系副词,这类词用来引导定语从句。关系代词包括：who，that，which，as，whose，whom等。关系副词包括：when，where，why，how等。关系代词和关系副词起着三重作用： 其一，它们连接着主句
8、和从句； 其二，它们代表着主句的一个先行词（which和as还可以代表主句中的一个词组或整个句子）； 其三，它们又在从句中充当成分。,特殊的连词,一 . 由动词转化成的连词1. suppose （如果，假使）引导条件状语从句。例如：Suppose it rains， what shall we do？如果天下雨，我们该怎么办？2. save （除了，只是）引导状语从句，表示伴随状况。例如：A similar timetable has been used， save that the morning break is shorter.已经采用了差不多相同的时间表，只是早上的休息时间缩短了。,二
9、 . 由分词转化成的连词1. 现在分词由现在分词转化成的连词有 seeing （考虑到）， supposing （假定） ， providing （如果的话）， considering （考虑到）等，可用来引导条件状语从句。例如：（ 1 ） He can stay here providing he works.如果他工作的话，他可以留在这儿。（ 2 ） Supposing that youve made some progress， you should not be proud.假定你有了一些进步，你也不应该骄傲自大。（ 3 ） Considering they are newcomers
10、， theyve done very well.考虑到他们是新来的，他们已经做得很好了。,2. 过去分词由过去分词转化成的连词有 provided （如果的话；以为条件）， granted （假定；即使）等，可用来引导条件状语从句。例如：（ 1 ） You may go， provided your work is done.如果你的工作做完了，你就可以走了。 （ 2 ） Granted that he has enough money to buy the house， it doesnt mean hes going to do so.即使他有足够的钱来买这栋房子，他也不一定会这么做。,三
11、 . 由副词转化成的连词directly 和 immediately 均表示“一就，马上，立刻”的意思，可用来引导时间状语从句。例如：（ 1 ） Directly I had done it， I knew I had made a mistake.我刚做完这件事，就知道出错了。（ 2 ） I came immediately Id eaten.我一吃完就来了。,四 . 由名词转化成的连词由名词转化过来的连词，前面一般都有定冠词。1. the moment， the instant， the minute 这几个词组都表示“一就，马上，立刻”的意思，可用来引导时间状语从句。例如：（ 1 ） I
12、 will meet you the instant you arrive.你一到我就去见你。（ 2 ） The moment you leave， please tell me.你一动身就请告诉我。 2. the first （或 second， next， last ） time （或 moment ）表示“在某一次的时候”，可用来引导时间状语从句。例如：I liked her the first time I met her.第一次见到她时我就喜欢上了她。,五 . 介词短语转化成的关联连词常见的有 for fear that （唯恐）， in case that （假使）， in ord
13、er that （为了）， on condition that （如果）， with the result that （结果）等，可用来引导条件、目的或结果状语从句。例如：（ 1 ） He hurried home for fear that he might miss his guests.他急忙赶回家，唯恐见不到他的客人。（ 2 ） In case Im late， start without me.如果我来晚了，你们不必等我。（ 3 ） I was in the bath with the result that I didnt hear the telephone.我正在浴室里洗澡，结
14、果没有听见电话铃响。（ 4 ） They flew there in order that they might be in time to attend the opening ceremony. 为了能及时参加开幕典礼，他们乘飞机到了那里。,常用的英语连词,1) 先后次序关系：at this time; first; second; at last; next；previously; simultaneously; eventually；last but not least；to begin with；to start with；to end with；finally；seeing.；si
15、nce then；first of all；afterwards; following this; preceding this. 2) 因果关系：because；because of this；being that；another important factorreason of. ； since； as； for； in that.； owing to； due to； for the reason that.； in view of； the reason seems to be obvious; there are about. ；for this reason; as a resu
16、lt of this； therefore；.and so.； consequently；as a result； thus； hence； so；so that.； in consequence； as a consequence； accordingly; inevitably; under these conditions; thereupon.,3) 转折关系：but；even so；however；though；even though；independent of；reckless of ；despite that； in spite of that； regardless of;
17、yet.；and yet； but ，unless. 4) 并列关系： and; also；too；as well as；either.，or.；both.and. 5) (补充)递进关系： furthermore；moreover；further；In this way ；still； not only.but also.； not.but.； in addition (to)；additionally, much more interesting, more specifically, next, besides； as far as. is concerned; moreover；in
18、other words；along this line of consideration；on the one hand.，on the other hand.； even； as a poplar saying goes.；in order to do it.; meanwhile； at the same time； accordingly； In the first place.，in the second place.;equally important; of even greater appeal.,6) 比较关系： similarly; in like manner, in co
19、mparison with；when compared with；compared with；when in fact.; like.； likewise； similarly important； apart from (doing).； . rather than.，by doing so ；bothand.; in the same way; not only.but (also). 7) 对照(不同点)：yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding; rather; neither . nor; although; though; but;
20、however; something is just the other way around；yet; conversely； unlike； opposed to; as opposed to ； in contrast (to)； by way of；on the contrary；different from this；as opposed to this； nevertheless; contrary to； whereas； while；but on the other hand.,8) 举例关系:for example； for instance； in this case; n
21、amely； as you know； you may assay； as he explains； like； such as； a case in point is.; consider.； in particular；including.；for one thing.，for another.；put it simply；stated roughly； as an illustration， I will say.； a good example (of.)would be.；to detail this，I would like to.； It is interesting to no
22、te that.；in this situation; as proof; take the case of; take as example (something)； as for; as regards； as to； according to; on this occasion. 9) 强调关系：in fact; especially；particularly；moreover；naturally; what is more important； in reality； certainly; of course; indeed; in particular；not to mention.
23、；believe it or not；undeniably; other thing being equal；it is certainsure that.；to be strict; to be true；by definition; definitely; undoubtedly; without a doubt; in truth, in any event; without reservation; obviously, not only. but(also.), both. and.,10) 条件关系: if；unless; lest；provided that；if it is t
24、he case；in this sense；once.；if possible；if necessary；if so；if not all; if anything. 11) 归纳总结类： in other words；on the whole; in sum; therefore；hence；in short；in brief；to sum up；in conclusion; in summary； to conclude； the conclusion can be drawn that.; for this reason; in short. 12) 地点关系：beyond; oppos
25、ite to; adjacent to; at the same place; there; over; in the middle; around; in front of; in the distance; farther; here and there; above; below; at the right; between; on this side. 13) 目的关系：with this object; for this purpose; in order that; in this way, since; so that; on that account; in case; wit
26、h a view to; for the same reason.,14) 重申关系：in other words; that is to say; as I have said; again; once again. 15) 结果关系：accordingly; thus; consequently; hence; therefore; thereupon; inevitably; under these conditions; as a result; as a consequence; because; because of; so that; not only.but (also.);
27、so. as to. 16) 顺序关系：first; second; thirdly; next; then; at the outset(在开始时)，following this; at this time; now; at this point; after; afterward; after this; subsequently; lastly; finally; consequently; before this; previously; preceding this; simultaneously; concurrently(同时). 17) 时间关系：at once; immedi
28、ately; at length; in the mean time; meanwhile; at the same time; in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; at last; finally; some time ago; at present; all of a sudden; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; next point; a few minutes later; formerly; as; once
29、; since; occasionally; in a moment; shortly; whereupon; previously.,连词辨析,I dont know A and B.I dont know A or B.I dont know A ,but not B.He has promised to do it,(;) only he does not keep his word. Only=butShe failed,(;)still she did not lose heart.,He is not such a fool but he knows it. (but=thatno
30、t)No task is so hard but/but that he can accomplish it.I do not doubt/deny but that .There/here is no boubt/denial but thatIt is not impossible but that he is guilty.But that=thatBut that she aided me, I might have gone bankrupt. But that =if But for,Still, yet, however, nevertheless, butOr somethin
31、g, or somewhever;or so, or elseDress warmly, or else youll catch cold.As well as , no lessthan; not only but also.He is a stateman as well as a scolar.He is no less a stateman than a scolar.He is not only a scolar but also a stateman.Not only was the room well decorated, but also meal was ready.,As
32、well as breaking her leg, she hurt her arm. As well as =besides, in addition toHelen decided to quit the job rather than to accept the term.Rather than beg in the street, he would prefer to die of hunger.,That, whether, if I wonder whether he did it.I wonder that he did it.,All what she said is true
33、.(X)What she said is true.All that she said is true.That she will succeed is certain.It is certain that she will succeed.She will succeed is certain.(X),This is the girl with whom he worked.This is the girl (whom) he worked with.The book doesnt say much that (which) amuses children. All, only, much,
34、 anything, first, bestThe famous writer and his works that the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students.The basketball team, which is playing very well, will come out first.The basketball team, who are having a rest, will begin another match in twenty minutes.,More American tro
35、ops are being sent to the Middle East, as (which) I have learnt from the newspaper.Another recession is setting in, as is already occurring, for instance, with the car industry.She married him, which was unexpected.She married him, as expected.She married him, as is unexpected.(X)She is dead, as l l
36、ive.As is well known, as is often the case, as may be imagined, as often happens, as has been said, as will be shown in., as is hoped, as is supposed, as is the custom with, as is usual with sb.,As 的用法,What 惯用语,Whats what, know whats whatSo what, what if,Give sb. What for,Know what ones aboutWhat /h
37、ow about.Guess what.and what notWhat of it?I tell you what.What is called,What one is/was/has e.g. he is not what he was.What by threats, and (what by) entreaties, he gained his purpose.What with continual rain and (what with) a bad hotel, we didnt enjoy our holiday much.,Other than, else than, otherwise than=but, exceptBesides, aside/apart from,状语从句连词,
