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1、Derivation,English Lexicology(II),2,Derivation,Definition of DerivationPrefixation:Definition/ClassificationSuffixation:Definition/Classification,English Lexicology(II),3,I.Derivation/Affixation,1.The definition of DerivationDerivation may be defined as a process of forming new words by the addition
2、 of a word element,such as a prefix,suffix or combining form,to an already existing word.,English Lexicology(II),4,2.Combining form:,eg.auto-hydro-tele-hydro-macro-hypro-,Intro-Intra-scope-graphy-logy,English Lexicology(II),5,II.Prefixation,2.1 The definition of prefixationPrefixation is the formati
3、on of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.However,there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixesNon-class-changing prefixes:natural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfair Class-changing prefixes:force-
4、enforce,danger-endanger,form-deform,little-belittle,war-postwar,college-intercollege,English Lexicology(II),6,2.2 The classification of prefixesIn some reference books,prefixes(and suffixes)are classified according to their source,but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view.It seem
5、s more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning into the following ten categories:,English Lexicology(II),7,1)Negative prefixes,English Lexicology(II),8,OrderLiterateSymmetryGovernmental RelevantProductiveBelievable,DisorderIlliterateAsymmetryNongovernmental Irrele
6、vantUnproductiveUnbelievable,English Lexicology(II),9,VulnerableSaneRelated AlignedMature,InvulnerableInsaneUnrelatedNonalignedImmature,English Lexicology(II),10,2)Reversative or privative,English Lexicology(II),11,CentralizePlaneInfectZip RegulatePossessPollute,DecentralizeDeplaneDisinfect Unzip De
7、regulateDispossess Depollute,English Lexicology(II),12,3)Pejorative prefixes,English Lexicology(II),13,4)Prefixes of degree or size,English Lexicology(II),14,English Lexicology(II),15,ComputerCriticalConsciousNaturalSensitiveSimpleNumberStatementculture,MinicomputerUltracritic/hypercriticSubconsciou
8、sSupernaturalHypersensitive/ultrasensitiveOversimpleOutnumberUnderstatementSubculture,English Lexicology(II),16,5)Prefixes of orientation and attitude,English Lexicology(II),17,6)Locative prefixes,English Lexicology(II),18,ViewConferenceContinentalGroundCastpacificRacialShore,Interviewteleconference
9、IntercontinentalForegroundTelecast TranspacificTransracial Foreshore,English Lexicology(II),19,7)Prefixes of time and order,English Lexicology(II),20,8)Number prefixes,English Lexicology(II),21,Note:Bimonthly is notoriously ambiguous,in that it can mean either every two months or twice every month.B
10、iweekly has the same ambiguity.Biennial normally has only the meaning every two years in contrast with biannual,twice a year,but many speakers find it as ambiguous as bimonthly.,English Lexicology(II),22,semi-(half):semicircle,semiannuallyuni(one)uniform,unilateralbi(two):bicuspid,bicepstri(three):t
11、riangle,triplequad/quadri(four):quadruple,quadrant quadrilateralquinque(five):quinquagenariansex(six):sexennial,sextet(te)sept(seven):September,English Lexicology(II),23,oct(eight):October,octavonona(nine):nonagon,nonagenariandec(ten):December,decimalpoly(many):polygon,polychromaticcenti(100):centig
12、rade,centimetre.centipedemilli(1000):millennium,millepedemulti(many):multitude,multiple,English Lexicology(II),24,hemi(half):hemisphere,hemicyclemono(mon/one):monocle,monographdi(two):diphthong,dioxidetetra(four):tetrameterpenta(five):pentagon,pentameterhexa(six):hexameterhecto(hundred):hectolitre,h
13、ectometre,English Lexicology(II),25,English Lexicology(II),26,English Lexicology(II),27,Lingual Lateral Polar Dimensional,Unilingual,bilingual,trilingual,multilingualUnilateral,bilateral,trilateral,multilateralUnipolar,bipolar,tripolar,multipolarUnidimensional,bidimensional,tridimensional(three-dime
14、nsional),multidimensional,English Lexicology(II),28,9)Conversion prefixes,English Lexicology(II),29,10)Miscellaneous prefixes,English Lexicology(II),30,III.Suffixation,3.1 The definition of suffixationSuffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Unlike prefixes which primari
15、ly change the meaning of the stem,suffixes have only a small semantic role,their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.In other words,they mainly change the word class.However,they may also add attached meaning to the stem.,English Lexicology(II),31,3.2 The classificatio
16、n of suffixesSince suffixes mainly change the word class,we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes3)adverb suffixes4)verb suffixes,English Lexicology(II),32,1)Noun suffixesNoun suffixes may be subdivided into the following five kinds.Denominal nouns(conc
17、rete or abstract)Deverbal nounsDe-adjectival nounsNoun and adjective suffixes,English Lexicology(II),33,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),34,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),35,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),36,5.3 Suffixation,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),37,5.3 Suffixat
18、ion,1)Noun suffixes,English Lexicology(II),38,5.3 Suffixation,2)Adjective Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),39,5.3 Suffixation,2)Adjective Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),40,5.3 Suffixation,2)Adjective Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),41,5.3 Suffixation,3)Adverb Suffixes,English Lexicology(II),42,5.3 Suffixation,4)Verb suffixes,English Lexicology(II),43,5.3 Suffixation,FalseSterileIntenseFatHorrorMemoryApology,FalsifySterilizeIntensifyFattenHorrifyMemorizeApologize,
