英语词类名词动词形容词副词介词.ppt

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1、初级语法Basic Grammar,词类 Parts of Speech,1.词类(Parts of Speech),英语可以分为以下10种词类(加粗的是词典中用的符号,后面括号中的词是英语全名)1.名词(即人或事物的名称)-n.(noun)boy,dancer,flower,beauty,country 2.冠词(用在名词前,帮助说明其意义)-art.(article)a,an,the 3.动词(表示动作或状态)-v.(verb)go,do,see,work,feel,4.形容词(表示人或事物的特征)ad(adjective)good,easy,new,beautiful 5.副词(表示动作

2、特征或性状特征)-adv.(adverb)beautifully,carefully,hard,up,very 6.代词(代替名词或数词)-pron.(pronoun)we,these,some,everybody,what 7.数词(表示数目或顺序)-num.(numeral):nine,fifty,third,twentieth,8介词(用在名词、代词等前面,说明与别的词之间关系)-prep.(preposition)in,on,from,through,for 9连词(连接词与词或句与句)-conj.(conjunction)and,or,if,when,although 10感叹词(表

3、示说话时的感情或口气)-int.(interjection)ah,well,wow,why 不定式前的to为小品词(particles)。yes和no 有人称为肯定词和 否定词,有的词典称之为副词。,练习(Exercise),Tell the part of Speech of the following words(用简写符号标出下面各词词类):例:school(n.)1.difficulty()2.have()3.quietly()4.who()5.big()6.forty()7.take()8.careful()9.into()10.carelessness()答案:1.n 2.v 3.

4、adv 4.pron 5.adj 6.num 7.v 8.adj 9.prep 10.n,2.一个词可以分为不同的词类,有些词仅属于一个词类,如quickly为副词,come为动词,beautiful 为形容词。但绝大多数词都可以属于两种或多种词类,例如:Lets go咱们走吧。(go 用作动词)Id like to have a go at it我想试一试。(go用作名词)I havent seen him since 1998.我1998 年以后就没见到他了。(since 作介词)We met in 1980.I have never heard from him since 1980.我

5、们1980 年见面以后,我再也没有接到他的音信了。(since 作副词),因此在学一个词时,先要知道它属于哪个词类,然后再弄清它是否还可用作其他词类。英语中的一个词,常可用作另一词类,如:Its a bookshop.这是一家书店。where do you shop for clothes?你在哪里买衣裳?Its a good buy这是一样便宜货。where did you buy it?你是在哪里买的?Its a small park.这是一座小公园。Let me see if I have any smalls.我看看有没有小号的。这种现象叫作词类的转换(conversion)。,练习(

6、Exercise),Look up the words in a dictionary and see what part of speech they can be used in.(在字典中查下面的词,看能用作什么词类):1.warm.2.silence.3.until.4.in 5.up 6.before 7.part 8.more,3.词类的转换,一个词类常可能转换为另一词类:1.某些动词可以转换为名词:Try the shirt on.穿上这件衬衫试试(v.)Let me have a try我来试一试。(n.)Look at me.瞧着我。(v.)Let me have a loo

7、k我来瞧瞧。(n.),2.某些名词也可转换为动词:Open your books.打开你的书。(n.)Have you booked your ticket?你订票了吗?(v.)Have a seat.请坐。(n.)The hall seats 500(people).大厅可以坐500 人。(v.)3.某些形容词可以转换为动词:You are too slow.你太慢了。(adj.)The train has slowed down.火车慢下来了。(v.)Its warm in spring.春天天气暖和。(adj.)They warmed their hands over the fire.

8、他们在炉火上烤手。(v.),4.也有些形容词可转换为名词:He is my dear friend.他是我亲密的朋友。(adj.)Shes a dear.她是一个招人喜欢的人。(n.)Prices here are very low.这里的物价很低。(adj.)Profits have reached a new low.利润降到了最低点。(n.)5.有些词用作其他词类时重音会发生变化:Everybody present prezn t welcome the decision.所有在场的人都欢迎这个决定。The National Theatre is presenting prizenti

9、a new production of Hamlet.国家剧场正在上演新的哈姆雷特。,练习(Exercise),Tell the part of speech of the boldfaced words.(说明粗体词的词类)1.Can you swim?你能游泳吗?()We stopped there for a swim.我们在那里停下来游了一会儿泳。()2.What did he say?他说什么了?()We have no say in this matter.这事我们没有发言权。()3.Put it in your pocket.把它放在你口袋里。()He pocketed the

10、money.他把钱放进了自己的腰包。()答案:1.v,n 2.v,n 3.n,v,4.派生(Derivation),许多词通过加词头(或称前缀,prefixes)或词尾(或称后缀suffixes)来构成另一词类,称为派生。通过加词头或词尾构成的词称为派生词(derivatives)。英语的词尾主要有下面这些:,1.构成名词的词尾(括号中词为例词):-er(singer)-or(sailor)-ist(artist)-ee(employee)-es(hostess)-ian(musician)-ese(Japanese)-ant(contestant)-ism(heroism)-ess(happ

11、iness)-(a)tion(examination)ment(movement)-on(decision)-ing(wedding)-ship(friendship)-hood(childhood)-age(shortage)-ure(failure)-dom(freedom)-ty(cruelty)-ity(reality)-y(discovery)-th(warmth)-al(arrival)-ance(reliance)-nce(difference)-ful(mouthful)-y(slavery)-eer(engineer),2.构成形容词的词尾:-ful(useful)-less

12、(homeless)-ish(childish)-ive(active)-ous(famous)-able(eatable)-ible(responsible)ic(poetic)-ant(pleasant)-ly(lively)-al(cultural)-y(rainy)-ent(dependent)-ary(imaginary)-some(tiresome)-like(childlike)-en(wooden)-ate(fortunate)-an(Indian)-ed(talented)3.其他词尾:-ize(modernize)-en(widen)-ify(simplify)ate(or

13、iginate)-ly(slowly)-ward(backward)-wise(likewise)-teen(fourteen)-ty(forty)-th(ninth),英语的词头有两类:1.构成反义词的词头:un-(un happy)dis-(disagree)in-(informal)im-(impolite)ir-(irregular)il-(illegal)non-(non-conductor)de-(defrost)2.有特定的意思的词头,如:re-(retell)mis-(misspell)co-(co-exist)anti-(anti-tank)pro-(pro-French)c

14、ounter-(counteract)over-(overdo)under-(under-paid)ex-(ex-wife)pre(predict)post-(post-war)fore-(foresee)self-(self-made)inter-(interact)tele-(telephone)super-(superman)micro-(microwave)semi-(semi-circle)mini-(minibus)vice-(vice-chairman),练习(Exercise),Underline the suffixes and tell the parts of speec

15、h the words belong to.(在词尾下划线,并说明这些词属于哪个词类):1.fearless()2.marriage()3.activity()4.jewelry()5.normalize()6.golden()7.safety()8.homeward()9.European()答案:1.less(adj)2.age(n)3.ity(n)4.ry(n)5.-ize(v)6.-en(adj)7.-ty(n)8.-ward(adv)9.-an(adj),5.合成词(Compound Words),英语中有很多词是由两个或是很多词构成的,这种词叫合成词。英语中合成词极多,主要有下面几

16、类:1.合成名词:名词名词:silkworm(蚕)名词动名词:sunbathing(日光浴)形容词名词:shorthand(速记)动词副词:get-together(联欢会)动名词名词:waiting-room(候车室)动词名词:pick-pocket(扒手)副词动词:down-fall(垮台)还有一些其他类型的合成名词,如:well-being(福利),go-between(中间人)by-product(副产品editor-in-chief(主编)good-for-nothing(不中用的人)touch-me-not(凤仙花)merry-go-round(旋转木马),2.合成形容词:形容词现

17、在分词:fine-sounding(动听的)副词现在分词:hard-working(勤劳的)名词现在分词:peace-loving(爱好和平的)名词过去分词:state-owned(国有的)副词过去分词:well-known(著名的)形容词名词:large-scale(大规模的)名词形容词:duty-free(免税的)形容词名词ed:good-natured(天性善良的)还有一些其他合成形容词:如:over-all(总体的),all-round(全面的),ever-victorious(常胜的),first-rate(一流的),face-to-face(面对面的),down-to-earth(

18、现实的),3.合成动词:名词动词:sleepwalk(梦游)形容词动词:whitewash(粉刷)副词动词:overthrow(推翻的)4.合成副词:介词副词:forever(永远)副词名词:overhead(在上方)形容词名词ed+ly:whole-heartedly(全心全意地)此外还有合成代词,如:myself,somebody,everything,nobody 等。,练习(Exercise),Tell how the following words are formed.(说出下列词是怎样构成的):1.bloodlust 2.greenhouse 3.sleeping-pills 4.breakwater 5.handwriting 6.breakthrough 7.outbreak 8.heart-breaking 9.good-looking 10.heartfelt 11.widespread 12.high-class 13.airsick 14.bad-tempered 15.Eavesdrop 16.upset 17.Blacklist 18.absent-mindedly,

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