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1、ReadingTest65MINUTES,52QUESTIONSTurntoSection1ofyouransvWtoanswerthequestionsinthissection.三DIRECTIONSEachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,chsethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggrap
2、hics(suchasatableorgraph).Line20Questions1-11arebasedonthefollowingpassages.ThispassageisfromNathanielHawthorne.TheBlithedaleRomance,0ri9inallypublishedin1852.Five-and-twentyyearsago.attheepochofthisstory,theredweltinoneoftheMiddleStatesamanwhomweshallcallFauntleroy；amanofwealth,andmagnificenttastes
3、,andprodigalexpenditure.Hishomemightalmostbestyledapalace;hishabitskintheordinarysense,princely.Hiswholebeingseemedtohavecrystallizeditselfintoanexternalsplendor,wherewithheglitteredintheeyesoftheworld,andhadnootherlifethanuponthisgaudysurface.Hehadmarriedalovelywoman,whosenaturewasdeeperthanhisown.
4、Buthisaffectionforher,thoughitshowedlargely,wassuperficial,likeallhisothermanifestationsanddevelopments;hedidnotsotrulykeepthisnoblecreatureinhisheart,aswearherbeautyforthemostbrilliantornamentofhisOUtWardstate.Andtherewasborntohimachild,abeautifuldaughter.：whomhetookfromthebeneficenthandOfGodwithno
5、justsenseofherimmortalvalue,butasamanalreadyrichingemswouldreceiveanotherjewel.Ifhelovedher,itwasbecausesheshone.AfterFaunderoyhadthusspentafewemptyyears,coruscatingcontinuallyanunnaturallight,thesourceofitwhichwasmerelyhisgoldbegantogrowmoreshallow,andfinallybecameexhausted.Hesawhimselfinimminentpe
6、riloflosingallthathadheretoforedistinguishedhim;and.consciousofnoinnateworthtofallbackupon,herecoiledfromthiscalamitywiththeinstinctofasoulshrinkingfromannihilation.Toavoidit.wretchedman!orrathertodeferit,ifbutforamonth,aday,oronlytoprocurehimselfthelifeofafewbreathsmoreamidthefalseglitterwhichwasno
7、w依哥hisowithinever.hemadehimselfguiltyofacrime.30Itwasjustthesortofcrime,growingoutofitsartificialstate,whichSoCiety(unlessitshouldchangeitsentireconstitutionforthismansunworthysake)neithercouldnoroughttopardon.Moresafelymightitpardonmurder.Fauntleroysguiltwasdiscovered.Hcfled;hiswifepenshed,bythenec
8、essityof35herinnatenobleness,initsalliancewithabeing$0ignoble:andbetwixthermothersdeathandherfathersignominy,hisdaughterwasleftworsethanorphaned.TherewasnopursuitafterFauntleroy.Hisfamilyconnections,whohadgreatwealth,madesucharrangements40withthoseWhomhehadattemptedtowrongassecuredhimfromtheretribut
9、ionthatwouldhaveovertakenanunfriendedcriminal.Thewreckofhisestatewasdividedamonghiscreditors:Hisname,inaverybriefspace.WaSforgottenbythemultitudewhohadpasseditsodiligentlyfrommouthto45mouth.Seldom,indeed,wasitrecalled,evenbyhisclosestformerintimates.Norcouldithavebeenotherwise.Themanhadlaidnorealtou
10、chonanymortalsheart.Beingamereimage,anopticaldelusion*createdbythesunshineofprosperity,itwashislawtovanishintotheshadowofthe50firstinterveningcloud.Heseemedtoleavenovacancy；aphenomenonwhichlikemanyothersthatattendedhisbriefcareer,wentfartoprvetheillusivenessofhisexistence.Not,however,thatthephysical
11、substanceofFauntleroyhaj,!lymeltedintovapor.Hehadflednorthwardtothe55NwEpg!andmetropolis,andhadtakenuphisabode,underanthhame,inasqualidstreetorcourtoftheolderportionofthecity.Therehedweltamongpoverty-strickenwretches,sinners,andforlorngoodpeople,Irish,andwhomsoeverelsewereneediest.Manyfamilieswerecl
12、usteredineachhouse60together,abovestairsandbelowtinthelittlepeakedgarrets,andevenintheduskycellars.ThehousewhereFauntleroypaidweeklyrentforachamberandaclosethadbeenastatelyhabitationinitsday.Anoldcolonialgovernorhadbuiltit,andlivedthere*longago,andheldhisleveesinagreat65roomwherenowslepttwentyIrishb
13、edfellows;anddiedin：Fauntleroyschamber,whichhisembroideredandwhite-wiggedghoststillhaunted.Tatteredhangings,amarblehearth,traversedwithmanycracksandfissures,arichlycarvedoakenmantelpiece,partlyhackedawayforkindling-：70stuff,astuccoedceiling,defacedwithgreat,unsightlypatchesofthenakedlaths,suchwasthe
14、chambersaspect,asif,withitssplintersandragsofdirtysplendor,itwereakindofpracticalgibeatthispoor,ruinedmanofshow.75Atfirst,andatirreguhrIntervals,hisrelativesallowedFauntleroyalittlepittanceWstainlife；notfromanylove,perhaps,butlestpovertyshouldcompelhim,bynewoffences,toaddmoreshametothatwithwhichheha
15、dalreadystainedthem.Butheshowednotendencyto80furtherguilt.Hischaracterappearedtohavebeenradicallyjchanged(astindeed,fromitsshallowness,itwellmight)byhismiserablefate;or,itmaybe,thetraitsnowseeninhimwereportionsofthesamecharacter,presentingitselftnanotherphase.Insteadofanylongerseekingtolivein85thesi
16、ghtoftheworld,hisimpulsewastoshrinkintothenearestobscurity,andtobeunseenofmen,wereitpossible,：evenwhilestandingbeforetheireyes.Hehadnopride;itwasalltroddeninthedust.Noostentation;forhowcoulditsurvive,whentherewasnothingleftOfFauntleroy,90savepenuryandshame!Hisverygaitdemonstratedthathewouldgladlyhav
17、efadedoutofview,andhavecreptaboutinvisibly,forthesakeofshelteringhimselffromtheirksomenessofahumanglance.Hardly*itwasaverred,withinthememoryofthosewhoknewhimnow,had95hethehardihoodtoshowhisfullfronttotheworld.Heskulkedincorners,andcreptaboutinasortofnndaytwilight,makinghimselfgrayandmisty,atallhours
18、,withhismorbidintoleranceofsunshine.Whichchoicebestsummarizesthepassage?A)Acarefuldepictionofaprofoundchangeofacharacter.B)Adetailedanalysisofthetragiclifeofacharacter.C)Apassionatediscussionofhowapersoncouldfallfromheaventohell.D)Asatiricaldescriptionofpompousbehaviorsofasuperficialcharacter.Asused
19、inline15,“just”mostnearlymeansA)onlyB)simpleC)properD)justifiedAsusedinline30,*artificialwmostnearlymeansA)insincereB)manmadeC)falseD)antiquedAccordingtothepassage,whywastherenorevengeonFauntleroy?A)Fauntleroyhadedtoanareasoremotethatnoonecouldfindhim.B)Fauntleroysfamilymembershadmademonetarydealswi
20、thpotentialavengers.C)Thecourthaddecidedthatthereshouldneveragainhappenanythingsimilar.D)Hiscreditorshadprotectedhiminreturnforallhisestates.ThepassagestronglysuggeststhatFauntleroywasseldommentionedafterhefledbecauseA)Hehadneverreallymadeanydeepconnectionswithpeople.B)Hehadbecomepennilessfromwhichs
21、tatenoonecouldprofit.C)HehaddoneSOmuchevilthatalmosteveryonehatedhim.D)Hedidnotexistintheworldasarealbeing.Whichofthefollowingchoicesprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?A)lines38-42(wHiscriminal?)B)lines42-45Themouth?)C)lines45-47(Seldom,.heart.)D)lines47-52(Being.existence.)1.i
22、nes53-54(HNott.vpor.n)mainlyservestoA)introduceanewcharacterandsettingtothestory.B)showtheresultingimpactofhisguiltC)addasurprisingtwisttothestory.D)provideatransitiontothenextphaseofthe断OryLQAsusedinline90,“save”mostnearlymeansA)rescueB)exceptC)keepD)avoid用三部hydidFauntleroysrelativescontinuetoSIlPP
23、Ortim?A)Theystilllovedhimandwantedhimhealthy.B)Theyfearedhewouldfurthershamethefamily;C)Theysensedthathehadchangedforgood+D)TheyPiHedhimduetohismiserablecondition.mWhichofthefollowingchoicesprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?A)lines75-79uAtthem+”)lines80-84(“Hisphase：)C)lines84
24、-87(uInsteadcyes7)D)lines87*90(He.Shamer)Basedonthepassage,whatdoespracticalgibeinline73indicate?A)TheplaceFauntleroylivedandFauntleroyslifehadasimilarstate.B)NooneshowedanycoinpassiontowardsFauntleroytC)Fauntkroysliving4ttncouldneverbeworse.D)FaUntIeroyhadreceivedpunishmentfromGod.152025Thispassage
25、isadaptedfromClayShirky,HereComesEverybody:ThePowerofOrganizingwithoutOrganizations.Q2OO8QayShirky.TheauthorisdiscussingwebsitessuchasWikipediaandFlickrtowhichuserscontributecontent.Giventhateveryoneowhasthetoolstocontributeequally,youmightexpectahugeincreaseinequalityofparticipation.Youdbewrong.twW
26、ikipediaarticlesforasphalthad129contributorsmaking5205totaledits,butthebulkoftheworkWaScontributedbyasmallfractionofparticipants,andjustsixaccountedforaboutaquarteroftheedits.AsimilarpatternappearsonFlickr:118photographerscontributedoverthreethousandMermaidParadephotostoFlickr,butthetoptenthcontribu
27、tedhalfofIOthose,andthemostactivephotographer,Czarina,contributed238photos(aboutoneintwelve)workingalone.Thisshape,calledapowerlawdistribution,isshowninthefigure.Figure：ThCdistributiondPhOtOgraPherScontributingPhotOtSOfthe2005Coney(slandMermaidParadeFivepointsareshownonthisgraph.Ihetwoleftmostdatapo
28、intsarethemostandsecond-mostactivephotographers.Themostactivephotographerisfarmoreactivethanthesecondmostactive,andtheyarcbothfarmoreactivethanmostoftherestofthephotographers.Theaveragenumberofphotostaken(allphotosdividedamongallphotographers)istwenty-six,whilethemedian(themiddlephotographer)tookele
29、venphotos,andthemode(thenumberofphotosthatappearedmostfrequently)isasinglephoto.Notethesharpdrop-offinthenumberofphotosbetweenthetopfewcontributorsandmostoftheparticipants.Noticetoothatbecauseofthedisproportionatecontributionsofthesefewphotographers,three-quartersofthephotographerscontributedabelow-
30、averagenumberofpictures.Thispatternisgeneraltosocialmedia:onmailingbstswithmorethanacoupledozenparticipants*themostactivewriterisgenerallymuchmoreactivethanthepersoninthenumber-30twoslot,andfarmoreactivethanaverage.Thelongestconversationgoesonmuchlongerthanthesecond-longestone.andmuchlongerthanavera
31、ge,andsoon.Bloggers.Wikipediacontributors,photographers,peopleconversingonmailinglists,andsocialparticipation35inmanyotherlarge-scalesystemsallexhibitaSimilarpattern.Therearetwobigsurpriseshere.Thefirstisthattheimbalanceisthesameshapeacrossahugenumberofdifferentkindsofbehaviors.Agraphofthedistributi
32、on40ofphotolabels(ortags)onFlickristhesameshapeasthegraphofreadersperweblogandContributions-per-usertoWikipedia.Thegeneralformofapowerlawdistributionappearsinsocialsettingswhensomesetofitems-users,pictures,tags-isrankedbyfrequency45ofoccurrence.YoucanrankagroupofFlickrusersbythenumberofpicturestheys
33、ubmit.Youcanrankacollectionofpicturesbythenumberofviewers.Youcanranktagsbythenumberofpicturestheyareappliedto.Allofthesegraphswillbeintheroughshapeofapower50lawdistribution.Thesecondsurpriseisthattheimbalancedriveslargesocialsystemsratherthandamagingthem.FewerthantwopercentofWikipediausersevercontri
34、bute,yetthatisenoughtocreateprofoundvalueformillions55ofusers.Andamongthosecontributors,noeffortismadetoevenouttheircontributions.ThespontaneousdivisionoflabordrivingWikipediawouldntbepossibleiftherewereconcernforreducinginequality.Onthecontrary,mostlargesocialexperimentsareenginesfor60harnessingine
35、qualityratherthanlimitingitThoughthewordecosystem*isoverudasawaytomakesimplesituationsseemmorecomplex,itismeritedhere,becauselargesocialsystemscannotbeunderstoodasasimpleaggregationofthebehaviorofsomenonexistentaverage65userIhemostsalientcharacteristicofapowerlawisthattheimbalancebecomesmoreextremet
36、hehighertheranking.Theoperativemathissimpleapowerlawdescribesdatainwhichthenthpositionhasl/nthofthe70firstpositionsrank.Inapurepowerlawdistribution,thegapbetweenthefirstandsecondpositionislargerthanthegapbetweensecondandthird,andsoon.InWiidPediaarticleedits,forexmple,youwouldexpectthesecondmostactiv
37、eusertohavecommittedonly75halfasmanyeditsasthemostactiveuser,andthetenthmostactivetohavecommittedonetenthasmany.Thisistheshapebehindtheso-called80/20rule,where,forexample,20percentofastoresinventoryaccountsfor80percentofitsrevenues,andithasbeenpartofsocialA)B)80scienceliteraturesinceVilfrcdoPareto,a
38、nItalianeconomistworkingintheearly1900s,foundapowerlawdistributionofwealthineverycountryhestudied;thepatternwassocommonthathecalleditapredictableimbalance.ThisisalsotheshapebehindChris85AndersorisdiscussioninTheLongTail;mostitemsofferedatonlineretailerslikeiTunesandAmazondontsellwell,butinaggregatet
39、heygenerateconsiderableincome.Thepatterndoesntapplyjusttogoods,though,buttosocialinteractionsaswellReal-worlddistributions90areonlyanapproximationofthisformula,buttheimbalanceitcreatesappearsinanastonishingnumberofplacesinlargesocialsystems.Itcanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorinitial
40、lythinkspowerlawisspecifictoonekindofbehavior.isauniversalpatternthatholdsinmanydifferentareas.hasaconsiderableamountofvalueforInternetusers.cancreatehugegapinwealth.IEImOverthecourseofthepassage,themainfocusshiftsfrom，.-A)ageneralexpectationofapatterntother息寸ofit.B)anoverviewofthehistoryofpowerlawt
41、o入studyaboutit.anargumentaboutpowerlawisabnormalmapproachtominimizingitseffect.lWhichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?A)lines3336(*Bloggers,.pattern.*)B)lines37-39(“There.behaviors.)yes49-50(*A11.distribution.*)il8082(Vilfredo.studied.”)adiscussionaboutpowerlawinsocialm
42、eddescriptionofitsimpactonpolitics.O*rressailyart*ichiccprovidesthebestevidencefortheclaimi(Kaltyinsocialmediacontributionisnotbadthing?49-50(All.distribution.)mAsusedinline22,sharpmostnearlymeansB)lines51-52(M7he.them.w)C)lines55-56(*And.contributions?)D)lines5658(*Th.inequality.)A)keenB)steepC)ast
43、uteD)shrewIHmAs used in line 70, “pure most nearly meansA) theoreticalB) clearC) genuineD) ethicalEQTheauthormentionsthewordecosystem*inline61inordertoA)expressskepticismtotheappropriatenessofthisword.B)emphasizethecorrectnessofmakingsimplethingscomplex.C)indicatethecomplexityoflargesocialsystems.D)
44、defendanargumentthataverageusersarethecoreofthesystem.ThemainpurposeoftheauthorscommentaboutViifrtAgtiSjarto(line.)ismostlikelyto5挟医universalityofwealthgaparoundtheB)highlighttheomnipresenceofpowerlaw.C)praisethequalityoftheworkdonebyeconomists.D)encourageeveryonetoworktominimizetheeffectofpowerlaw.
45、Accordingtothegraphandthepassage,whichstatementaboutaphotographerwhocontributes20photographsiscorrect?A)ThephotographercanZrankedasthemostactive.B)Thephotographerisnotconsistentwiththemode.C)Thephotographercanbesortedintothecategoryofmedian.D)Thephotographerisrepresentativeoftheaverage.Whichchoicebe
46、stdescribesthepartofthegraphrangingfrommediantomode?A)M7heoperativemath(line68)B)8020rule*(line77)C)、predictableimbalance.*(lines83-84)D)*lheLongTaUw(lineB5)Whichstatementisbestsupportedbybothgraphandthepassage?A)Number1contributoraccountsforalmostaquarteroftheedits.B)Number1contributoraccountsfored
47、itsmorethanthatofthecombinationoftherestofthecontributors.C)Number1contributorranksasthehighestamongallthecontributors.D)Number1contributorisprobablythebestandmostdiligentphotographer.Thesetwopassagesdiscusswaterfluoridation,thepracticeofaddgcontrolledamountsoffluoridetopublicwatersuppliesforthepurposeofreducingtheincidenceoftoothdecayinchildren.Passage1isfroma2004book;PaSSage2isfroma2010book.Passage1Fluoridationhasbeenacontentiousissueformanyyearsbecauseofconcernsabouttheeffectsofthefluorideonpublichealth.OppositionhascomefrommanySOUrCeStsometimesL
