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1、ZQ国田IELTSADVANTAGEPaSSage1WilliamMorrisandtheArts&CraftsMovementConditionsandProductsoftheIndustrialAgeTheArts&Craftsmovementemergedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyinEnglandinreactiontothesocial,moral,andaestheticchaoscreatedbytheIndustrialRevolution.WilliamMorriswasitsfounderandleader.Heabhorredthec
2、heapandcheerfulproductsofmanufacturing,theterribleworkingandlivingconditionsofthepoor;andthelackofguidingmoralprinciplesofthetimes.Morriscalledforafitnessofpurpose,truthtothenatureofthematerialsandmethodsofproduction,andindividualexpressionbybothartistandworker.Thesephilosophicalpointsarestillpivota
3、ltotheexpressionofdesignstyleandpracticetothisday.DesignstylesfromtheArts&Craftsmovementonhaveemphasized,invaryingdegrees,eitherfitnessofpurposeandmaterialintegrity,orindividualexpressionandtheneedforvisualsubjectivity.MorrisbasedhisphilosophyonthewritingsofJohnRuskin,acriticoftheIndustrialAge,andam
4、anwhofeltthatsocietyshouldworktowardpromotingthehappinessandwell-beingofeveryoneofitsmembers,bycreatingaunionofartandlabourintheserviceofsociety.RuskinadmiredthemedievalGothicstyleforthesequalities,aswellastheItalianaestheticofmedievalartbecauseofitsdirectanduncomplicateddepictionofnature.Manyartist
5、s,architects,anddesignerswereattractedtoRuskinsphilosophyandbegantointegratecomponentsofthemintotheirwork.Morris,influencedbyhisupbringinginanagrariancountryside,wasprofoundlymovedbyRuskin,sstanceonfusingworkandcreativity,andbecamedeterminedtofindawaytomakeitarealityforsociety.Thispathbecamehislife,
6、swork.Pre-RaphealiteBrotherhoodMorrismetEdwardBurne-JonesatExeterCollegewhenbothwerestudyingthere.Theybothreadextensivelythemedievalhistory,chronicles,andpoetryavailabletothemandwroteeveryday.Morrispublishedhisfirstvolumeofpoetrywhenhewas24zandcontinuedtowriteandpublishfortherestofhislife.Aftergradu
7、ation,MorrisandBurne-Jonestriedafewoccupations,andeventuallydecidedtobecomeartists.BothbecamefollowersofDanteGabrielRossetti,whofoundedthePre-RaphealitebrotherhoodthatwasbasedonmanyofRuskin,sprinciples.Morrisdidnotlastlongasapainteeventuallyfindinghisdesignvocationwhilecreatingahomeforhimselfandhisn
8、ewwife(Rossettismuseandmodel).DiscoveringthelackofdesignintegrityinVictorianhomefurnishingsandvariousadditionaldeficienciesinotheraspectsofhomeproducts,hechosetonotonlydesignhishome,butallitsfurniture,tapestries,andstainedglass.Morris&Co.InI860,Morrisestablishedaninteriordesignfirmwithfriendsbasedon
9、theknowledgeandexperienceshehadincraftingandbuildinghishome.Hebegantransformingnotonlythelookofhomeinteriorsbutalsothedesignstudio.HebroughttogethercraftsmenofallkindsundertheumbrellaofhisstudioandbegantoimplementRuskin,sphilosophyofcombiningartandcraft.InMorrisscase,thiswasfocusedonmakingbeautifulo
10、bjectsforthehome.ThecraftsmenwereQD国IELTSADVANTAGEencouragedtostudyprinciplesofartanddesign,notjustproduction,sotheycouldreintegratedesignprinciplesintotheproductionoftheirproducts.Theobjectstheycreatedweremadeanddesignedwithanintegrityacraftsmancouldfeelproudofandfindjoyincreating,whiletheeventualo
11、wnerwouldconsidertheseproductsonparwithworksofart(anexistingexampleistheMorrischair),ThelookoftheworkcomingoutoftheMorrisstudiowasbasedspecificallyonanEnglishmedievalaestheticthattheBritishpubliccouldconnectto.TheEnglishlookanditsintegrityofproductionmadeMorrissworkverysuccessfulandsoughtafter.Hisor
12、ganizationalinnovationsandprincipledapproachgainedattentionwithcraftsmenandartisans,andbecameamodelforanumberofcraftguildsandartsocieties,whicheventuallychangedtheBritishdesignlandscape.WilliamMorrisandtheKelmscottPressMorris,sinterestinwritingneverwanedandmadehimacutelyawareofhowthebookpublishingin
13、dustryhadbeennegativelyaffectedbyindustrialization.OneofhismanypursuitsincludedtherevitalizationofthebookformanditsdesigncomponentsthroughtheestablishmentoftheKelmscottPress.Thepresswascreatedin1888afterMorris,inspiredbyalectureaboutmedievalmanuscriptsandincunabulapublications,beganthedesignofhisfir
14、stfont,Golden,whichwasbasedontheVenetianromanfacecreatedoriginallybyNicolasJenson.Inhisreinterpretationofthisearlierfont,Morrisstrovetooptimizereadabilitywhileretainingaestheticintegrity-intheprocessrevivinginterestinfontdesignofearlierperiods.Morrisusedthisfontinhisfirstbook,TheStoryofGlitteringPla
15、in,whichheillustrated,printed,andboundathispress.ThedesignapproachofthispublicationandallothersKelmscottproducedinitseightyearswasbasedonrecreatingtheintegratedapproachandbeautyoftheincunabulabooksandmanuscriptsofthemedievalperiod.Allaspectsofthepublicationwereconsideredandcarefullydeterminedtocreat
16、eacohesivewhole.Thepressitselfusedhand-operatedmachinery,thepaperwashandmade,andtheillustrations,fontszandpagedesignwereallcreatedandunifiedbythesamepersontomakethebookacohesive,beautifulobjectofdesign.Morrisdidnotwhollyrejectmechanization,however,asherecognizedtheadvantagesofmechanicalprocess.Hecon
17、sidered,redesigned,andimprovedallaspectsofdesignandproductiontoincreasephysicalandaestheticquality.KelmscottPressproducedover18,000volumesintheeightyearsofitsexistenceandinspiredarevivalofbookdesignontwocontinents.Inaddition,Morrisinspiredareinterpretationofdesignanddesignpracticewithhissteadfastcom
18、mitmenttoRuskin,sprinciples.FuturegenerationsofdesignersheldtoMorrissgoalsofmaterialintegritystrivingforbeautifulutilitarianobjectdesignandcarefullyconsideredfunctionality.Source:https:ODenteXtbC.caarcphicdesicnChClPtel7chapter-2/ZH国田IELTSADVANTAGEQuestions11-14Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORE
19、THANTWOWORDSfromthetextforeachanswer.11. Morrisfoundedanartisticmovementinreactiontothe_,whichhefeltwaschaotic.12. Duetoitsdirectandsimplerepresentationofnature,Ruskinthoughthighlyofthe_style.13. Morris/careerasa_endedquickly.14. AswellasprintingandbindinghisfirstbookattheKelmscottPresszMorrisalso_it.
