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1、SummaryCompletionPaSSage1WilliamMorrisandtheArts&CraftsMovementConditionsandProductsoftheIndustrialAgeTheArts&Craftsmovementemergedinthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyinEnglandinreactiontothesocial,moral,andaestheticchaoscreatedbytheIndustrialRevolution.WilliamMorriswasitsfounderandleader.Heabhorredthech
2、eapandcheerfulproductsofmanufacturing,theterribleworkingandlivingconditionsofthepoor;andthelackofguidingmoralprinciplesofthetimes.Morriscalledforafitnessofpurpose,truthtothenatureofthematerialsandmethodsofproduction,andindividualexpressionbybothartistandworker.Thesephilosophicalpointsarestillpivotal
3、totheexpressionofdesignstyleandpracticetothisday.DesignstylesfromtheArts&Craftsmovementonhaveemphasized,invaryingdegrees,eitherfitnessofpurposeandmaterialintegrity,orindividualexpressionandtheneedforvisualsubjectivity.MorrisbasedhisphilosophyonthewritingsofJohnRuskin,acriticoftheIndustrialAge,andama
4、nwhofeltthatsocietyshouldworktowardpromotingthehappinessandwell-beingofeveryoneofitsmembers,bycreatingaunionofartandlabourintheserviceofsociety.RuskinadmiredthemedievalGothicstyleforthesequalities,aswellastheItalianaestheticofmedievalartbecauseofitsdirectanduncomplicateddepictionofnature.Manyartists
5、,architects,anddesignerswereattractedtoRuskinsphilosophyandbegantointegratecomponentsofthemintotheirwork.Morris,influencedbyhisupbringinginanagrariancountryside,wasprofoundlymovedbyRuskin,sstanceonfusingworkandcreativity,andbecamedeterminedtofindawaytomakeitarealityforsociety.Thispathbecamehislife,s
6、work.Pre-RaphealiteBrotherhoodMorrismetEdwardBurne-JonesatExeterCollegewhenbothwerestudyingthere.Theybothreadextensivelythemedievalhistory,chronicles,andpoetryavailabletothemandwroteeveryday.Morrispublishedhisfirstvolumeofpoetrywhenhewas24zandcontinuedtowriteandpublishfortherestofhislife.Aftergradua
7、tion,MorrisandBurne-Jonestriedafewoccupations,andeventuallydecidedtobecomeartists.BothbecamefollowersofDanteGabrielRossetti,whofoundedthePre-RaphealitebrotherhoodthatwasbasedonmanyofRuskin,sprinciples.Morrisdidnotlastlongasapainteeventuallyfindinghisdesignvocationwhilecreatingahomeforhimselfandhisne
8、wwife(Rossettismuseandmodel).DiscoveringthelackofdesignintegrityinVictorianhomefurnishingsandvariousadditionaldeficienciesinotheraspectsofhomeproducts,hechosetonotonlydesignhishome,butallitsfurniture,tapestries,andstainedglass.Morris&Co.InI860,Morrisestablishedaninteriordesignfirmwithfriendsbasedont
9、heknowledgeandexperienceshehadincraftingandbuildinghishome.Hebegantransformingnotonlythelookofhomeinteriorsbutalsothedesignstudio.HebroughttogethercraftsmenofallkindsundertheumbrellaofhisstudioandbegantoimplementRuskin,sphilosophyofcombiningartandcraft.InMorrisscase,thiswasfocusedonmakingbeautifulob
10、jectsforthehome.ThecraftsmenwereQD国IELTSADVANTAGESummary Completionencouragedtostudyprinciplesofartanddesign,notjustproduction,sotheycouldreintegratedesignprinciplesintotheproductionoftheirproducts.Theobjectstheycreatedweremadeanddesignedwithanintegrityacraftsmancouldfeelproudofandfindjoyincreating,
11、whiletheeventualownerwouldconsidertheseproductsonparwithworksofart(anexistingexampleistheMorrischair),ThelookoftheworkcomingoutoftheMorrisstudiowasbasedspecificallyonanEnglishmedievalaestheticthattheBritishpubliccouldconnectto.TheEnglishlookanditsintegrityofproductionmadeMorrissworkverysuccessfuland
12、soughtafter.Hisorganizationalinnovationsandprincipledapproachgainedattentionwithcraftsmenandartisans,andbecameamodelforanumberofcraftguildsandartsocieties,whicheventuallychangedtheBritishdesignlandscape.WilliamMorrisandtheKelmscottPressMorris,sinterestinwritingneverwanedandmadehimacutelyawareofhowth
13、ebookpublishingindustryhadbeennegativelyaffectedbyindustrialization.OneofhismanypursuitsincludedtherevitalizationofthebookformanditsdesigncomponentsthroughtheestablishmentoftheKelmscottPress.Thepresswascreatedin1888afterMorris,inspiredbyalectureaboutmedievalmanuscriptsandincunabulapublications,began
14、thedesignofhisfirstfont,Golden,whichwasbasedontheVenetianromanfacecreatedoriginallybyNicolasJenson.Inhisreinterpretationofthisearlierfont,Morrisstrovetooptimizereadabilitywhileretainingaestheticintegrity-intheprocessrevivinginterestinfontdesignofearlierperiods.Morrisusedthisfontinhisfirstbook,TheSto
15、ryofGlitteringPlain,whichheillustrated,printed,andboundathispress.ThedesignapproachofthispublicationandallothersKelmscottproducedinitseightyearswasbasedonrecreatingtheintegratedapproachandbeautyoftheincunabulabooksandmanuscriptsofthemedievalperiod.Allaspectsofthepublicationwereconsideredandcarefully
16、determinedtocreateacohesivewhole.Thepressitselfusedhand-operatedmachinery,thepaperwashandmade,andtheillustrations,fontszandpagedesignwereallcreatedandunifiedbythesamepersontomakethebookacohesive,beautifulobjectofdesign.Morrisdidnotwhollyrejectmechanization,however,asherecognizedtheadvantagesofmechan
17、icalprocess.Heconsidered,redesigned,andimprovedallaspectsofdesignandproductiontoincreasephysicalandaestheticquality.KelmscottPressproducedover18,000volumesintheeightyearsofitsexistenceandinspiredarevivalofbookdesignontwocontinents.Inaddition,Morrisinspiredareinterpretationofdesignanddesignpracticewi
18、thhissteadfastcommitmenttoRuskin,sprinciples.FuturegenerationsofdesignersheldtoMorrissgoalsofmaterialintegritystrivingforbeautifulutilitarianobjectdesignandcarefullyconsideredfunctionality.Source:https:ODenteXtbC.caarcphicdesicnChClPtel7chapter-2/SummaryCompletionQuestions1-5Completethesummarybelow.
19、ChooseNOMORETHANONEWORDORNUMBERfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.WilliamMorrissoughttoreversethenegativeimpacthebelievedthat1._hadhadonthepublishingindustrybycreatinghisownpublishingcompanyin1888,andoneofhisfirstactswastocreatea2._calledGolden.HeusedGoldenforthetypeinhisown3._,whichwaspublishedbyhispress.Allofthebookspublishedbythepresswereinspiredbybooksfromthe4._period.Themachinery,paperanddesignswereallcreatedaccordingtoahighstandardofaestheticbeauty.Intotal,duringits8-yearexistencethepressproducedmorethan5._books.
