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1、美国名人城市规划师、作家简雅各布斯JaneJacobsz1916-2006:HerActivismHelpedShapetheLookandFeelofCitiesplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:41repeatByJillMoss2007-1-6VOICEONE:mSteveEmber.VOICETWO:AndmBarbaraKleinwithPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.TodaywetellaboutJaneJacobs.Shewasanactivistforimprovingcities.(MUSIC)VOICEONE
2、:JaneJacobswasanactivist,writer,moralthinkerandeconomist.Shebelievedcitiesshouldbedenselypopulatedandfullofdifferentkindsofpeopleandactivities.Shebelievedinthevalueofnaturalgrowthandbigopenspaces.Sheopposedthekindofcityplanningthatinvolvesbigdevelopmentandurbanrenewalprojectsthatteardownoldcommuniti
3、es.Shewasalsoacriticofpublicplanningofficialswhowereunwillingtocompromise.Jacobshelpedleadfightstosaveneighborhoodsandlocalcommunitieswithincities.Shehelpedstopmajorhighwaysfrombeingbuilt,firstinNewYorkCityandlaterinToronto,Canada.Developersandcityplannersoftencriticizedherideas.Yet,manyurbanplannin
4、gexpertsagreethatherworkhelpedshapemodernthinkingaboutcities.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:JaneButznerwasborninScranton,Pennsylvania,innineteensixteen.Herfatherwasadoctor.Hermotherwasaformerteacherandnurse.Aftergraduatingfromhighschool,JanetookanunpaidpositionattheScrantonTribunenewspaper.AyearlatersheleftScranto
5、nforNewYorkCity.Duringherfirstseveralyearsinthecitysheheldmanykindsofjobs.Onejobwastowriteaboutworkersinthecity.Shesaidtheseexperiencesgaveherabetterideaaboutwhatworkinginthecitywaslike.Asayoungwoman,Jacobshadmanyinterests,includingeconomics,law,scienceandpolitics.Herhighereducationwasbriefhowever.S
6、hestudiedforjusttwoyearsatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.Jacobsdidnotcompletehercollegeeducation,butshedidbecomeanexcellentwriterandeditor.WhileworkingasawriterfortheOfficeofWarInformationshemetabuildingdesignernamedRobertJacobs.Innineteenforty-four;theymarried.Theylaterhadthreechildren.Herhusbandswork
7、ledtoherinterestinthemonthlymagazine,ArchitecturalForum.Jacobsbecameatopeditorforthepublication.VOICEONE:ExpertshavedescribedJacobsasawriterwhowrotewell,butnotoften.SheisbestknownforherbookTheDeathandLifeofGreatAmericanCities.Thebookwaspublishedinnineteensixty-one.Itisstillwidelyreadtodaybybothcityp
8、lanningprofessionalsandthegeneralpublic.ExpertssayTheDeathandLifeofGreatAmericanCitiesisthemostinfluentialbookwrittenaboutcityplanninginthetwentiethcentury.Inthebook,Jacobscriticizedtheurbanrenewalprojectsofthenineteenfifties.Shebelievedthesepoliciesdestroyedexistinginner-citycommunitiesandtheirecon
9、omies.Shealsothoughtthatmodernplanningpoliciesseparatedcommunitiesandcreatedunnaturalcityareas.Jacobsdescribedthenatureofcities-theirstreetsandparks,thedifferentculturesrepresentedbycitizensandthesafetyofawell-plannedcity.Safetywasanimportantissueinbigcitiesthathadhighratesofcrime.Jacobswrotethatpea
10、ceonthestreetsofcitiesisnotkeptmainlybythepoliceeventhoughpolicearenecessary.Itiskeptbyasystemofcontrolsamongthepeoplethemselves.Shebelievedtheproblemofinsecuritycannotbesolvedbyspreadingpeopleoutmorethinly.Jacobsarguedthatawell-usedcitystreetissaferthananemptystreet.Safety,sheargued,isguaranteedbyp
11、eoplewhowatchthestreetseverydaybecausetheyusethestreetseveryday.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:TheDeathandLifeofGreatAmericanCitiesbecameaguideforneighborhoodorganizersandthepeoplewhoJacobscalledfootpeople.Thesearecitizenswhoperformtheireverydayjobsonfoot.Theywalktostoresandtowork.Theywalktoeatingplaces,theaters,p
12、arks,gardensandsportsstadiums.TheyarenotwhoJacobscalledcarpeople-thosewhodrivetheircarseverywhere.JaneJacobsalsobelievedthatbuildingsofdifferentsizes,kindsandconditionshouldexisttogether.Shepointedtoseveralcommunitiesasmodelsofexcellence.TheseincludeGeorgetowninWashington,D.C.;theNorthEndinBoston,Ma
13、ssachusetts;RittenhouseSquareinPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania,andTelegraphHillinSanFrancisco,California.Shealsosupportedmixed-usebuildingsasawaytoincreasesocialinteraction.Suchbuildingshavestoresandofficesonthegroundfloor.Peopleliveontheupperfloors.Mixed-usebuildingsarealotmorecommoninAmericancitiesthani
14、nthesuburbanareasaroundthem.VOICEONE:JaneJacobsalsonotedNewYorkCitysGreenwichVillageasanexampleofanexcitingcitycommunity.Thisisoneofthecommunitiesthatwassaved,inpartatIeastzbecauseofherwritingsandactivism.Innineteensixty-two,JacobsheadedacommitteetostopthedevelopmentofahighwaythroughLowerManhattanin
15、NewYorkCity.TheexpresswaywouldhavecutrightthroughGreenwichVillageandthepopularSoHoarea.InfluentialNewYorkCitydeveloperRobertMosesproposedtheplan.Buthugepublicprotestsinnineteensixty-fourledthecitygovernmenttorejectit.Jacobsbook,TheDeathandLifeofGreatAmericanCitieshelpedinfluencepublicopinionagainstt
16、heexpressway.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Innineteensixty-nine,JacobsmovedtotheCanadiancityofTorontowhereshelivedfortherestofherlife.PartofherreasonforleavingtheUnitedStateswasbecausesheopposedtheUnitedStatesinvolvementinthewarinVietnam.Atthattime,shehadtwosonsalmostoldenoughtobecalledforduty.Jacobscontinuedtobe
17、acommunityactivistinToronto.ShewasinvolvedinacampaigntostoptheSpadinaExpresswaythroughToronto.ThishighwaywouldhavepermittedpeoplelivinginsuburbanareasoutsideTorontototravelintoandoutofthecityeasily.JacobsorganizedcitizensagainsttheSpadinaExpresswayandthepoliticianswhosupportedit.Oneofhermostimportan
18、tissueswasthisquestion:Arewebuildingcitiesforpeopleorforcars?Today,expertssayTorontoisoneofonlyafewmajorcitiesinNorthAmericatohavesuccessfullykeptalargenumberofneighborhoodsinitsdowntownarea.Manyexpertsbelievethisisbecauseoftheanti-SpadinamovementledbyJaneJacobs.VOICEONE:JaneJacobsspentherlifestudyi
19、ngcities.Shewrotesevenbooksonurbanplanning,theeconomyofcities,andissuesofcommerceandpolitics.Herlastbook,publishedintwothousandfour;wasDarkAgeAhead.Init,JacobsdescribedseveralmajorvaluesthatshebelievedwerethreatenedintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Theseincludedcommunityandfamily,highereducation,scienceand
20、technologyandagovernmentresponsivetocitizensneeds.InDarkAgeAhead/JacobsarguedthatWesternsocietycouldbethreatenedifchangeswerenotmadeimmediately.Shesaidthatpeoplewerelosingimportantvaluesthathelpedfamiliessucceed.InDarkAgeAhead,Jacobsalsocriticizedhowpoliticaldecision-makingisinfluencedbyeconomics.Go
21、vernments,shesaid,havebecomemoreinterestedinwealthyInterestgroupsthantheneedsofthecitizens.Jacobsalsowarnedagainstaculturethatpreventspeoplefrompreventingthedestructionofresourcesuponwhichallcitizensdepend.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:JaneJacobshadhercritics.Manyofthemarguedthatherideasfailedtorepresenttherealit
22、yofcitypolitics,whichlanddevelopersandpoliticiansoftencontrol.OthersarguedthatJacobshadlittlesympathyforpeoplewhowantalifestyledifferentfromtheonesheproposed.Still,manyurbanplanningexpertssayherideasshapedmodernthinkingaboutcities.Shehashadamajorinfluencedonthosewhodesignbuildingsandtownsthataimtoin
23、creasesocialinteractionamongcitizens.JaneJacobsdiedintwothousandsixinTorontoattheageofeighty-nine.Herfamilyreleasedastatementonherdeath.Itsaid:Whatsimportantisnotthatshediedbutthatshelived,andthatherlifesworkhasgreatlyinfluencedthewayWethink.Pleaserememberherbyreadingherbooksandimplementingherideas.(MUSIC)VOICEONE:ThisprogramwaswrittenbyJillMoss.ItwasproducedbyLawanDavis.mSteveEmber.VOICETWO:AndmBarbaraKlein.YoucanreadscriptsanddownloadaudiofromourWebsite,WWW.51VOA.COM.JoinusagainnextweekforPeopleinAmericainVOASpecialEnglish.
