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1、在1856年narratorIn1856,一位名为尤妮斯富特的科学家ascientistnamedEuniceFoote进行了一个实验conductedanexperiment.她将一支试管中填满普通空气Shefilledonetubewithregularair另一支则装满二氧化碳andanotherwithcarbondioxide,里面都放置了温度计然后放到阳光下面putthermometersinthem,andplacedtheminthesun.她发现盛有二氧化碳的管子Andshenoticedthetubeofcarbondioxide会热很多并会保持热度更长时间gotaloth
2、otterandstayedhotlonger.她将结果发表出来Shepublishedherresults,标注道：“大气层中的这种气体notingthatAnatmosphereofthatgas会让地球温度升高”wouldgivetoourearthahightemperature.三年后Threeyearslater,爱德温德雷克在宾夕法尼亚州西部发现r石油EdwinDrakestruckoilinWesternPennsylvania.在挖掘出第一口油井一百年后Ahundredyearsafterthatfirstwell,美国石油业庆祝了这个行业的一百周年theAmericanoi
3、lindustrycelebrateditscentennial.他们邀请了一位名叫爱德华泰勒的物理学家AndtheyinvitedthephysicistEdwardTeller,这位原♥子♥弹♥的发明者之一oneoftheinventorsoftheatomicbomb,为能源的未来发表了一番演讲tomakeaspeechaboutthefutureofenergy.他跟听众讲：“我们或许需要去寻找其他燃料供应Weprobablyhavetolookforadditionalfuelsupplies/hetoldthecrowd.因为燃烧化石燃料而
4、产生的额外二氧化碳Becausetheextracarbonemittedfromburningfossilfuels会导致温室效应”causesagreenhouseeffect.他觉得这种效应Whichhebelievedwouldbesufficient足以将冰盖熔化并把纽约淹没掉tomelttheicecapandsubmergeNewYork.到了1965年科学家已经足够自信地By1965,scientistswereconfidentenough正式警告美国总统toformallywarntheUSpresident,林登贝恩斯约翰逊1.yndonB.Johnson.10年之后埃克
5、森公♥司♥的科学家们NnarratorAdecadelater,Exxonsownscientists做出了令人担忧的预测weremakinggrimpredictions.在1988年就上了头版新闻By1988,itwasfront-pagenews.从那时开始Andsincethen,我们就一直以持续增长的速率wevekeptpumpingcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere往大气层中排放二氧化碳atanacceleratingrate.如今的世界经济Wehaveaworldeconomytoday大部分的能量来源都靠着化石燃料thatd
6、ependsonfossilfuelsformostofitsenergy.三分之一来自于石油narratorAthirdofitfromoil.这件事相当讽刺这种帮助我们It,satremendousironythattheverysubstances成就当今发展的这种物质thathelpedusachievethislevelofdevelopmenttoday现在反而威胁到了人类文明的未来arenowtheverysubstancesthatendangerthefutureofcivilizationasweknowit.narratorGovernmentsarestartingto
7、agree各国政♥府♥开始认可这件事：我们不应该让世界变暖的程度超过1.5摄氏度thatweshouldntlettheworldwarmmorethan1.5degreescentigrade.从现在的趋势来看我们在2030年会越过这个值Andwereontracktoblowpastthatby2030.关上油枪怎么就这么难？Sowhyisitsohardtoturnoffthetap?我们能及时做到吗？Andcanwedoitintime?工业国家已经形成了对于石油的重度依赖man1Industrialnationshavedevelopedagreatdep
8、endencyonoil.我们的生活被赋予了新的自♥由♥man2Ithasaddedanewfreedomtoourlives.宝贵的石油库存贮藏在这些外国岛屿之中man3Theinvaluablestocksofoilintheseexoticislands.财富为阿♥拉♥伯半岛的传统生活打开了一道新的大门man4TheirwealthiscrackingtheoldlifeofArabiawideopen.尼日利亚政♥府♥对于石油的热爱甚至超过人♥民♥的生命TheNigerian
9、governmentlovetheoilmorethanourlives.日益增长的二氧化碳围绕着我们man5Increasingamountsofcarbondioxidesurroundus.如果人们继续破坏环境Ifmancontinuestoabusehisenvironment,地球也会变得贫瘠起来Earth,too,maybecomebarren.剧名：石油石油的故事讲述了地缘政♥治♥冲突YerginThestoryofoilisastoryOfgeopoliticalclash,科技进步和激烈竞争oftechnologicaladvancement,an
10、dintensecompetition.石油的故事就是关于不平等manThestoryofoilisastoryOfinequality.和统治的故事It,sastoryofdominance.在我出生时尼日利亚正处在结束TheNigeriainwhichIwasborninwasjustacoupleofyears英国殖民统治的前几年beforetheendingoftheBritishcolonialrule.那时还处于农业经济的阶段HawkeAtthetime,itwasanagriculturaleconomy.北方出产棉花BasseyCottonfromthenorth,西方出产可可
11、中西部出产橡胶cocoafromthewest,andrubberfromthemidwest.在尼莫成长的地方渔业比较兴旺HawkeAndintheareawhereNnimmogrewup,fishing.尼日尔河三角洲这个区域BasseyTheNigerDeltaisanarea是由各条河道相交叉的thatiscrisscrossedbywaterbodies,小溪、水流、河水、河口creeks,streams,rivers,estuaries,这里是几内亚湾大部分鱼类的繁殖地whichisthebreedinggroundformostfishintheGulfofGuinea.这里的
12、鱼类资源丰富到渔民可以在涨潮时把网撒到水中HawkeItwassofertile,fishermencouldjustleavetheirtrapsathightide落潮时收网就好andpickthemupatlowtide.在晚间Andintheevenings.孩子们会坐在月光下BasseyChildrenwouldsitaroundinthemoonlight,听老人们分享故事andtheelderswouldsharestories.他们并不知道自己就坐在HawkeTheydidntknowtheyweresittingon地球上石油最储量丰富的区域之一oneofthemostoil
13、-richregionsonEarth.直到英国准许了壳牌和简称为BP的英国石油公♥司♥UntiltheBritishgrantedShellandBP石油特许开采权anexclusivepermittoexploreforoil.他们在1965年挖掘到了黑金Theystruckblackgoldin1956.在发现石油这件事上BasseyNigerianswereextremelyhopeful尼日利亚人很期待thatthediscoveryofoilintheircommunities其在经济福利人们的健康水平wouldbringaboutpositivecha
14、ngesintheeconomicwell-being,以及就业等情况所带来的变化inthehealthconditionsofthepeople,intermsofemploymentandeverything.没过几年之后尼日利亚便赢得了独♥立♥HawkeAndjustafewyearslater,Nigeriawonindependence.未来可期Thefuturelookedbright.最终化石燃料也对其他国家造成了改变Afterall,fossilfuelshadtransformedothercountries.世界上最富有的国家曾经可是穷苦很多Th
15、eworldswealthiestnationshadoncebeenmuchpoorer.一个人所能提供的劳动Theamountofworkapersoncoulddo本来全靠双手wastheamounttheycoulddowiththeirhands,或许还有马匹或骡子协助possiblyhelpedbyahorseormule.煤矿的发现是首先改变这一现状的Coalwasthefirstdiscoverythatchangedallthat.在海洋与沼泽中的古代生物体HawkeAncientorganismsinoceansandswamps吸收了从太阳那里获得的能量hadsoaked
16、upthepowerofthesun.它们的化石经过了数百万年的压缩变成了煤Theirfossilscompressedovermillionsofyearsintocoal.在煤矿一公里多之下And,amileormoredown,又变成了天然气与原油intonaturalgasandcrudeoil.燃烧煤这种贮存太阳能量的时间胶囊Burningcoal,thistimecapsuleofthesunsenergy,帮助英国成为第一个JL业化国家helpedBritainbecomethefirstindustrializednation以及世界上前所未见的最强大的帝国andthemost
17、powerfulempiretheworldhadeverseen.然后石油出现了Andthenoilcamealong.一切都从一声巨响开始YerginAndthatstartedoffthiskindofboom.而以前曾被当做Itwasdiscoveredthatgasoline,炼油后废品的汽油whichhadbeenkindofthiswasteproductwhentheyrefinedoil,其实是非常好的汽车燃料wasactuallyaverygoodfuelforcars.石油是你可以接触到的LordBrowneOilwasthemostenergy-packed最富含能量的
18、液体燃料liquidsourceofpowerthatyoucouldgetyourhandson.从最初起对于想要获得英国专属石油渠道的英国海军来讲YerginRightfromthebeginning,itwasveryimportanttotheBritishNavy,这一点就非常重要whowantedtohaveaccesstoBritish-controlledoil.最初是由私募财团Itstartedasasyndicateofprivateinvestors,踏上波斯扎格罗斯山脉的丘陵thatwentonajourneyandanadventure进行寻求石油之旅开始的tofin
19、doilinthefoothillsoftheZagrosMountainsinPersia.这就是盎格鲁波斯石油公♥H♥的起点ThatwasthestartoftheAnglo-PersianOilCompany.后期改名为英国石油公♥司♥HawkeLaterrenamedBritishPetroleum.他们的时机刚刚好Andtheywerejustintime.第一次世界大战开始时都是靠着骑兵们冲锋来作战YerginTheFirstWorldWarbeganwithcavalrychargesandpeopleonhorses.结束
20、时却动用上了飞机Anditendedwithairplanes,坦克与卡车withtanks,withtrucks.当盟军海军摒弃煤而改用石油时WhentheAlliednavyswitchedtousingoilinsteadofcoal,那些战舰可以在补充燃料之前行驶得更远thoseshipscouldgofurtherbeforerefueling.（德国投降）石油让全世界都动了起来HawkeOilputtheworldinmotion.人们发现新的自♥由♥LordBrownePeoplewerefindingnewfoundfreedom,开着车到处跑乘飞机
21、到处飞drivingallovertheplace,flyingallovertheplace.帮数百万人脱了贫Itspulledmillionsofpeopleoutofpoverty.现代社会的创造也得拜赐F石油YerginWhatoildidwasreallycreatethemodernworld.人们建立了生产线、公路LordBrownePipelineswerebuilt,roadswerebuilt,加油站和炼油厂gasstationswerebuilt,refinerieswerebuilt.所有人都想在石油和天然气上进行投资Everybodywantedinvestmenti
22、noilandgas.但利润并不平衡HawkeButtheprofitswerelopsided.波斯沙漠之下的原油之海manTheoceanofcrudeoilunderneathPersiasdesert成就了中东石油产业的兴盛ledthewaytotheMiddleEastoilboom.伊朗在自家国土产的石油上只获得了微薄的利润HawkeIranwasmakingjustafractionoftheprofitsfromtheirownoil,剩下的全被英国纳入私囊whiletheBritishrakedintherest.他们最终决定受够r那个协议Andtheydecidedthey
23、weresickofthatdeal.怒火中烧的伊朗国家主义者明确表态reporterThelong-smolderingIraniannationalistsmadecleartheirintention要侵占英国石油公♥司♥将石油产业据为己有toseizetheoilindustryandexpropriatetheBritishcompany.于是在1953年HawkeSoin1953,英美两国策划了一场政♥变♥BritainandtheUSengineeredacoup,推♥翻♥了伊朗通过民&heart
24、s;主♥推选出来的领导安插了国王这个职位overthrowingIransdemocraticallyelectedleadertoinstalltheShah.因为他们觉得他在与西方建立友好关系这方面LordBrowneBecausetheyfeltthathewasmoreamenable更加顺从tohavingagreatrelationshipwiththeWest.这也是为何布朗勋爵在年幼时期就来到了那里HawkeWhichishowayoungLordBrowneendedupthere.我小时候在伊朗待了很多年IspentmanyyearsasachildinIra
25、n当时我父亲在替石油公♥司♥工作whenmyfatherwasworkingintheoilindustry.他18岁时也开始在英国石油公♥司♥任职HawkeAndwhenheturned18,hestartedworkingforBPhimself.我之所以加入石油公♥J♥LordBrowneIjoinedtheoilindustry是因为相信在那里你可以解决一些,believingitwasaplacewhereyoucouldsolveproblems以前从未有人能解决的问题thatnoonehadsol
26、vedbefore.要如何利用石油更上一层楼呢？Howcouldyouuseoiltogofurtherandfarther?在当时HawkeAtthetime,英国石油公♥司♥是掌控全球85%石油储备的BPwasoneofsevencompaniesfromjustthreecountries来自三个国家的七家公♥司♥之一thatcontrolled85%oftheworldsoilreserves.而在尼Fl利亚AndoverinNigeria,当地人很快就明白了theyquicklylearned石油并不一定就意味着所有人都会富起来
27、thatoildidntmeanprosperityforeveryone.在殖民法规之下Undercolonialrule,英国迫使各州融合成了一个国家theBritishhadforceddiversestatesintoasinglenation.在脱离殖民之后尼莫的家乡所在的区域Andafterindependence,Nnimmoshomeregion宣布脱寓这个国家announceditwasseceding.我小的时候无法完全理解Asayoungchild,Ididnotfullyunderstand利害关系到底是什么whatwasatstake.对我来讲最令人激动的事情就是To
28、me,themostexcitingthingwas一个称为比夫拉的新国家就要成立therewasgoingtobeanewnationcalledBiafra.但这个区域包含了大部分的尼日尔河三角洲HawkeButthisregionencompassedmostoftheNigerDelta及其石油储备anditsoilreserves.所以当尼日利亚政♥府♥宣战时SowhentheNigeriangovernmentdeclaredwar,英国给予了支持theBritishgavetheirsupport.我的村庄可以说是战争前线Myvillagewasmor
29、eorlessawarfront.政♥府♥封锁了那个区域HawkeThegovernmentblockadedtheregion.据估计有超过一百万平民lt,sestimatedthatmorethanamillioncivilians死于饥饿diedofstarvation.有时我的脑海中仍能听见Istillhearvoicesinmyheadsometimes人们祈求帮助哭喊着要食物的声音ofpeopleaskingforhelp,cryingforfood.这种事情没办法说忘记就忘记的It,snotsomethingyouforgetinahurry.比夫拉在
30、1970年投降了HawkeBiafrasurrenderedin1970.第二年尼日利亚加入了石油输山国组织Thenextyear,NigeriajoinedOPEC,一个想要夺回自己资源控制权的anallianceofoil-producingnations石油出产国联盟thatwantedtotakebackcontroloftheirresources.在二十世纪七十年代他们运用自己的力量Andinthe70s,theywieldedtheirpower,提高了油价raisingoilprices,并与一些国家一起联合抵♥制♥对伊朗进行军事支援的美国withs
31、omecountriesboycottingtheUSfortheirmilitarysupportofIsrael.突然之间这变成了一场危机Suddenly,itturnedintoacrisis对广政♥治♥秩序造成了打击andashocktothepoliticalorder.加油站无油可加reporterGasolinestationsrandry.航♥空♥公♥司♥减少了飞行安排Airlinescutbackflightschedules.工厂被迫关闭Factorieswereforcedtoclose.
32、在1979年在伊朗人推♥翻♥了国王HawkeAndin1979,whentheIraniansoverthrewtheShah重新对自己的石油采取控制时andtookbackcontroloftheiroil,价格又一次冲破天际priceswentthroughtheroofagain.虽然这对石油消费者来讲很糟糕Andwhilethatwasbadforoilconsumers.太荒唐了根本不知道何时能恢复正常lt,sridiculous.Youjustdontknowwhereitsgonnastop.对于石油出产者来讲确是乐事Hawke.itwasgreatf
33、oroilproducers.尼日利亚成为了非洲最富有的国家NigeriabecameoneofthewealthiestcountriesinAfrica.但在1970年的暴涨之后Butafterthat70sboom,石油价格跌入低谷oilpricescrashed尼日利亚的经济也是如此andsodidNigeriaseconomy.资源诅咒这个说法指的是GrossTheideaoftheresourcecurse拥有大量自然资源的国家isthatcountriesdontnecessarilydobetter不一定就会顺风顺水justbecausetheyhaveanabundanceo
34、fnaturalresources.这有可能会导致汇率崩♥盘♥Itcanthrowoffthecurrencyvaluation,减少其他行业的竞争力makeotherindustrieslesscompetitive.并导致经济动荡与腐♥败♥HawkeAndcauseeconomicturmoilandcorruption.资源并不是问题所在Theproblemisnottheresource.问题在资源如何被利用Theproblemishowtheresourceisexploited.国家得到石油收益是一回事It,sonething
35、foracountrytogetoilrevenues.而钱落入谁的口袋去往何处又是另一件事了It,sanotherwhogetsthemoney,andwheredoesitgo.跨国公♥司♥拿走了一大部分BasseyAlargechunkofthathasbeentakenoffbytransnationalcorporations.剩下的钱HawkeAndthemoneythatstays归尼日利亚国家石油公♥司♥所有goestotheNigerianNationalPetroleumCorporation,这是政♥府
36、♥的企业whichisownedbythegovernment而对这个国家的石油♥行♥业制定规范的正是政GheartsNfizGhearts;andisalsoinchargeofregulatingthecountrysoilindustry.所以执行机构也同时是监管机构Soyouhaveanoperatorwhoisalsoaregulator.在独♥立♥之后数十亿美元凭空消失HawkeAndsinceindependence,billionshavedisappeared.腐♥败♥的程度Th
37、atlevelofcorruption,不仅仅腐蚀到了人♥民♥赖以生存的经济itcorruptsnotjustpeopleeconomically.更对政♥治♥系统造成了腐蚀Itcorruptsthepoliticalsystem.与此同时还有其他代价HawkeAndtherewereothercosts.在尼日尔河三角洲超过50年的石油泄漏IntheNigerDelta,over50yearsofspillage导致了43000多公里的有毒石油沼泽hascreated27,000milesoftoxicoilswamps.孩子们在充满原
38、油的水中游泳BasseyKidsareswimminginwatercoveredincrudeoil.当地人的平均寿命只有41岁1.ifeexpectancyisat41years,或许是全世界最低的maybeoneofthelowestintheentireworld.渔民无法再在涨潮时将网留在河中HawkeFishermencannolongerjustleavetheirtrapsathightide.渔民们来到河中Youhavethefisherfolkswhogointotherivers日日夜夜地劳作却一无所获andtoilalldayandallnight,andcatchno
39、thing.也不再有月光之夜HawkeAndnomoremoonlitnights.石油公♥司♥架设的废弃燃烧器BasseyThegasflaressetupbytheoilcorporations每天24小时烧个不停burn24hours,everyday.除此以外HawkeAndontopofallthat,尼日利亚是一个炎热艮干燥的国家Nigeriaisahot,drycountry,这就意味着它对气温升高更加敏感whichmeansitsmoresensitivetorisingtemperatures.截止2020年全球平均温度Andasof2020,th
40、eglobalaveragetemperature已经升高了超过1摄氏度hasincreasedbymorethanonedegreecentigrade.热浪变得更加凶猛更加频繁也更加致命HayhoeHeatwavesaregettingstronger,morefrequent,andmoredeadly.这会让飓风的风速更加猛烈Itispoweringhurricanesthatintensifymorequickly.野火也会在更加广泛的地方燃烧Wildfiresareburningmuchgreaterarea.气候的改变不会对于Climatechangeisnotrespondin
41、g年排放量做出反应toourannualemissions,whatwereputtingoutthisyear,它针对的是我们所积累起来的排放量it,srespondingtoourcumulativeemissions.所以富裕国家造成了问题GrossSo,therichcountriescausedtheproblems.这些年来我们却一直在努力拉低碳排放总量Weretheoneswhoputoutallthesecarbonemissionsoveralltheseyears.但发展中国家却要面对代价所带来的冲击HawkeButdevelopingcountriesarefacingt
42、hebruntofthecost.这已经导致数百万人被迫离开家园Itsalreadypushedmillionsofpeopletofleetheirhomes.留给我们的时间已经不多了我们不禁会质疑BasseyTheclockisticking,andwecanwonderwhetherthere,sanyhope在人类跌落悬崖之前thatwecanpullthisoff我们到底有没有希望能治理好orwhetherwevecometotheprecipiceasthehumanrace.什么会处于危险之中？不是地球地球会幸存HayhoeWhatsatrisk?Nottheplanet.Itw
43、illsurvive.处F危险的是我们Whatsatriskisus.全球每年都会排放五百亿吨♥HawkeTheworldemitsaround50billiontons导致温室效应气体ofgreenhousegasesayear,比以往任何时候都要多morethaniteverhas.各国政♥府♥都同意Andgovernmentsagree我们需要在2050年之前达到零碳Weneedtogettonetzeroby2050.达到零碳Andachievecarbonneutrality.我们正逐步实现零碳.Weregonnamovetonetzeroi
44、natransition.强烈期待可以达到零碳.astrongaspirationtoreachnetzero.大幅度减少排放.significantlyreducingemissions.对于达到零碳的立法.legislationfornetzero.尼日利亚所推出的体制框架Nigeriahasrolledoutinstitutionalframeworks将减少20%的排放tocutemissionby20%.这个问题和新冠病毒还不一样Thisissueisnotlikethecoronavirus,你只需要一支疫苗来对付一种病毒whereyouneedonevaccinetodealwi
45、thonevirus和它的变异体anditsvariants.这是一个非常广泛的问题需要很多解决方案Thisisaverybroadissuethatneedslotsofsolutions.并需要很多还没有发展出来的科学技术Anditsgonnarequirealotoftechnologythatreallyhasntbeendevelopedyet.但天翻地覆的变化已经出现HawkeButtherehavebeendramaticchanges.在很多国家风能与太阳能Windandsolarpowerarenow现在比煤更便宜cheaperthancoalinalotofcountrie
46、s.电池科技进展迅速Batterytechnologyisimprovingrapidly.政♥府♥投资建设了更多水力与核能发电站Governmentsareinvestinginmorehydropowerandnuclearplants.电动汽车每年都变得更加便宜Electriccarsaregettingcheapereveryyear.对于长途海运以及飞机Andforlong-haulshipsandplanes,工程师们正在研究生物燃料与液态氢engineersareworkingonbiofuelsandliquidhydrogen.人们在努力研发这个饼状图中的每个部分Andpeopleareworki
