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1、量子力学揭秘生命在此吉米卡利里教授萨里大学量子知更鸟亨利克莫里特森教授奥尔登堡大学量子鼻詹妮弗布鲁克斯博士伦敦大学学院科林贝尔顿洛根植物园量子蛙安德里亚赛拉教授伦敦大学学院量子树亚历山德拉噢拉亚-卡斯特罗博士伦敦大学学院安德里亚赛拉教授伦敦大学学院量子蜗牛亨利克莫里特森教授奥尔登堡大学欢迎来到这个新奇的自然世界Welcometoanewandverystrangeworldofnature.这里已是量子力学中Itsbeentakenoverbytheweirdsubatomicparticlesof亚原子粒子的天下quantumphysics.作为一名物理学家我穷其一生都在研究Asaphysi
2、cist,vespentmyworkinglifestudying这些粒子到底都具有哪些特性howtheseparticlesbehaveinthelaboratory.但现在我将要走出实验室来到大自然Butnowmheadingoutintothenaturalworld.去执行一项任务来证明量子力学monamissiontoprovethatquantumphysicscansolve可以揭开生物学中最大的谜题thegreatestmysteriesinbiology.这对我而言是一次真正的挑战Thisisarealadventureforme.我将竭尽所能利用我在物理实验室中mverym
3、uchoutofmycomfortzonetryingtoapply那些所熟悉的高深的物理学理论theverycarefulideasmfamiliarwithinaphysicslaboratory来阐释这纷繁复杂世界中的生灵万物tothemessyworldoflivingthings.我坚信量子力学中蕴含着众多生命的秘密Ibelievethatquantumphysicscouldholdmanyoflifessecrets.在生灵万物的细胞深处Thatdeepinthecellsofanimals,粒子犹如魂魄般在细胞壁间穿梭particlesglidethroughwallslike
4、ghosts.当植物俘获阳光Thatwhenplantscapturesunlight.这些光波将会同时入射到.Theircellsareinvadedbyshimmeringwaves植物中各个细胞thatcanbeeverywhereatthesametime.而即便是我们自身的感官Andthatevenourhumansenses也会与这灵异的量子振动相协调aretuningintostrangequantumvibrations.在这奇妙的量子生物学世界Inthefantasticworldofquantumbiology,生命只是一场概率游戏lifeisagameofchance,而
5、规则由量子力学所掌控playedbyquantumrules.我想让各位所相信的是ThisiswhatIhopetoconvinceyouof,量子力学在解释众多重要的生命过程中toshowyouthatquantummechanicsisessentialinexplaining起到了关键的作用而潜在来说manyoftheimportantprocessesinlife,andpotentially,that量子力学甚至可能是quantummechanicsmayevenunderpin生命存在的基础theveryexistenceoflifeitself.我的疑问始于自然界中最壮丽的景象M
6、yquestbeginswithoneofthemostmajesticsightsinnature.迁徙Migration.每逢冬季黑雁总会如期飞抵Everywinter,barnaclegeesearriverightoncue这条涓涓流淌的苏格兰河atthesameScottishriver.而其起点则是远在北极圈腹地Theendofanepic2,000-milevoyagefromSvalbard,近2000英里的斯瓦尔巴特群岛highabovetheArcticCircle.当然还有许多鸟类会南下过冬Ofcourse,manybirdsheadsouthforwinter再北上避暑
7、thenbackhomeforsummer.但是多年来鸟类到底是如何精确地进行导航Butfordecades,exactlyhowbirdsnavigatedwithsuchaccuracy仍是生物学界最大的谜团之-wasoneofthegreatestmysteriesinbiology.而最近的发现则掀起了不小的轰动Sothemostrecentdiscoveryhascausedasensation.在过去几年中Inthepastfewyears,有一种鸟类曾引发了一场科技变革onespeciesofbirdhashelpedcreateascientificrevolution.而我和
8、许多物理学家一样对其发现人为震惊Iwasoneofmanyphysicistswhowasshockedtodiscoverthatit因为这种鸟使用了一种在整个科技界看来navigatesusingoneofthestrangesttricks都颇为奇特的导航方式inthewholeofscience.它竟利用了奇妙的量子力学Itutilisesaquirkofquantummechanics,而这其中的原理曾困惑过许多伟大的物理学家onethatbamboozledeventhegreatestOfphysicists,如理查德费曼甚至还有阿尔伯特爱因斯坦fromRichardFeynma
9、ntoAlbertEinsteinhimself.所以当你探索这神秘的物种时Soyoumightbesurprisedtodiscovertheidentityofthis会感到些许惊讶mysteriouscreature.和量子知更鸟打个招呼SayhellototheQuantumRobin.这是欧洲知更鸟ThisistheEuropeanrobin.每年它会从欧洲北部Everyyear,shemigratesfromnorthernEurope迁徙到南端的西班牙并如此往返tothetipofSpainandback.在这片丛林中的实验室里Inthislaboratoryinthewoods
10、,生物学家亨利克莫里特森试图解开biologistHenrikMouritsenistryingtosolvethemystery知更鸟导航的秘密ofhowshedoesit但他却陶醉在了自我的世界当中Buthesfoundhimselfinmyworld,即那个奇妙的量子世界thestrangeworldofquantummechanics.在量子力学中讲述了具有诡异特性的Quantummechanicsdescribestheveryweirdbehaviourof亚原子粒子subatomicparticles.进入到这个微观世界Downinthisrealmoftheverysmall,
11、我们必须摒弃常识与直观的思考方武Wehavetoabandoncommonsenseandintuition.相反这是一个物质可以像波那样传播的世界Instead,thisisaworldwhereobjectscanspreadoutlikewaves.量子粒子可以同时身处多地Quantumparticlescanbeinmanyplacesatonce并互相进行神秘的通信andsendeachothermysteriouscommunications.我愿本打算弄清楚鸟是如何找到方向的Isetouttounderstandhowthebirdfindsitsway,但实验的结果butitj
12、ustturnedoutthatthedata则越来越多的指向于moreandmorepointedtowardsthisas这唯一的解释theonlyexplanation而这也是唯一能解释所有不同实验结果的答案thatcouldbringallthedifferentresultstogether.亨利克在探究的是一个长久以来的理论Henriksinvestigatingalongstandingtheory-即知更鸟通过地磁场来导航thatrobinsnavigatebytheEarthsmagneticfield.他的实验室是一个绝妙的磁鸟笼Hislaboratoryisaningen
13、iousmagneticbirdcage.而这些用非防刮纸做衬里的塑料锥形薄膜Andtheseplasticconeslinedwithscratch-sensitivepaper则提供了极其关键的测量数据providethekeymeasurements.亨利克的人工磁场Henriksartificial和地磁场几乎相同只不过magneticfieldisliketheEarths,exceptthat他可以任意改变磁场的方向hecanpointitinanydirectionhelikes.在他的锥斗中知更鸟总是顺势着磁场方向Insidetheircones,therobinsalways
14、respondtothefield,并在这一方向上留下刮痕leavingscratchesinasingledirection.但最神秘的是它如何感知ThebigmysteryisHOW.地磁场极其微弱TheEarthsmagneticfieldisincrediblyweak,以至于任何生物都难以探测到fartooweakforanylivingcreaturetodetect.但当亨利克给知更鸟套上头套后ButHenrikhasfoundanintriguingclue却发现r一个有趣的线索bygivingtheQuantumRobinamask.我们将一个皮头套Wehavealittle
15、leather就是类似于套在猎鹰上面的那种hoodsimilartowhatyouputonafalcon,套在了是知更鸟上youknow,butjustforarobin,然后在上面留个洞露出一只眼andyouhavethenaholeinfrontofoneeye或者露出另一只眼oraholeinfrontoftheothereye.而通过此我们发现Andwhatwecanseeisthat如果遮住了右眼ifyoucoveruptherighteye,youturnoff那么就关闭r大脑左半部分的磁场感知功能theirmagneticcompassprocessingintheleftpa
16、rtofthebrain.如果遮住这只眼Ifyoucoverupthiseye,那么转而会关闭大脑这半部分的感知功能youturnthecompassoffinthispartofthebrain.知更鸟的眼睛中似乎藏有磁罗盘Therobinsmagneticcompassseemstobeinhereyes.我会用我的眼睛来演示这其中原委Icanshowyouwhatsgoingonusingmyowneye.我们通常都用眼睛来获取图像Now,weuseoureyesforvision,但我们的眼睛还有另一个光探测机制butwealsohaveasecondlight-detectingme
17、chanism.如果用手电照射我的眼睛IfIshinethistorchintomyeye,你能看到我的瞳孔会缩小youcanseethatmypupilclosesdown.这算是一种防御机制用来保护我的眼睛Itsbasicallyadefencemechanismtoprotectmyeyes.我的眼睛会对光粒子做出反映一一即光子Myeyeisrespondingtoparticlesoflight-orphotons.光子所携带的能量Theenergyprovidedbythephotons显然足够刺♥激♥产生化学反应isclearlyenoughtoacti
18、vatechemicalreactions.毕竟正是如此才能控制我眼部的肌肉Afterall,thatswhatcontrolsmyeyemuscles.而光同样会在知更鸟的眼睛中1.ightmustbecausingsimilarchemicalreactions引起相同的化学反应intherobin,seyes.事实上入射到眼中的光子Infact,itsthepowersupply驱动着一种特殊形式的磁罗盘forauniqueformofmagneticcompass.这深藏于细胞之中.Insidehercells.游弋于诡异的亚原子粒子世界.Intheweirdworldofsubato
19、micparticles.在这里仅有量子力学.Aplacewhereonlyquantumphysics可以解释一切canexplainwhatsgoingon.试着想象在知更鸟眼中的化学反应Toseewhy,imaginethechemicalreactionsintherobinseye发生在能量谷之间takingplaceinmountainsandvalleysofenergy.为了能触发反应Togetareactiontostart,你首先需要把分子推到山顶youhavetopushmoleculestothetopofamountain.多亏了亨利克的实验ThankstoHenri
20、ksexperiments,我们现在才知道光在其中出了很多力wenowknowthatlightdoesmostofthehardwork.但当其达到最顶端时Butwhenitreachestheverypeak,即使是最轻微的触碰都会使分子在山顶发生偏移themoleculebecomesincrediblysensitivetotheslightesttouch.现在的重点在于知更鸟的化学磁罗盘Thekeypointhereisthattherobin,schemicalcompassisnow正平衡于两个能量谷之间的峰顶balancedonanenergypeakbetweentwova
21、lleys.若其向一方偏移则会产生一类化学产物Goingonewayproducesonesetofchemicalproducts-若向另一方偏移则化学产物会是另一类theother,adifferentset.现在即便地磁场发生最细微的改变Now,evenatinychangeintheEarthsmagneticfieldcantipthe也会使分子倒向谷底moleculeoverthetop,但是这却违背常识butthewaythishappensdefiescommonsense.最后一个难题的解决Thefinalpieceofthepuzzle则取决于物理学中dependsonon
22、eofthetruly一个令人难以置信的想法mind-bogglingideasinphysics.但如果你发现这难以理解Butdontworryifyoufindit并无大碍hardtounderstand-因为即使是爱因斯坦evenAlbertEinstein也称其为“幽灵”calleditSpooky.这个想法就是量子纠缠Theideaiscalledquantumentanglement.其中讲到两个粒子之间的通信速度Itinvolvesparticlesthatseemtocommunicatefaster似平比光速还要快thanthespeedoflight.在1935年爱因斯坦发
23、表了一篇著名的论文In1935,Einsteinpublishedafamouspaper认为这根本不可能arguingthatitwasimpossible.但爱因斯坦错了ButEinsteinwaswrong.近些年来一些极其精准的实验显示Inrecentyears,extremelydelicateexperimentshaveshownthat亚原子粒子确实存在纠缠subatomicparticlesreallyareentangled.这就意味着Itmeanstheycansubtly两者即使在宇宙两端也能瞬间影响着彼此andinstantaneouslyinfluenceeacho
24、theracrossspace.而这也说明Andnowitseemsthesame似平同样的事情也发生在知更鸟的眼中thingisgoingoninsidetherobinseye.当一个光子进入知更鸟的眼睛Whenaphotonenterstherobinseye,会产生一对所谓的纠缠电户itcreateswhatscalledanentangledpairofelectrons.而每个电子都具有两种可能的状态Here,showitworks.Eachelectronhastwopossiblestates.为了便于理解我把它们称为红和绿Forsimplicity,mchoosingtoca
25、llthemRedandGreen.而奇怪的就在于此Now,here,stheweirdthing.除非我测量它们否则二者不分彼此UntilImeasureit,itsneitheronenortheother,但却又能同时区分开来butbothatthesametime.把这些电子想象成转盘Thinkoftheelectronslikespinningdiscs.它们即是红也是绿TheyresimultaneouslyredANDgreen.当我发射一个飞镖时Butbyfiringadart.就可以迫使第一个电子成为二者之一.Icanforcethefirstelectrontobeoneo
26、rtheother.这么看来这就像是-场概率游戏Sofar,itsjustagameofchance.除非我发射飞镖否则不会知道结果1dontknowwhatllgetuntilItryit.那么既然我知道了第一个电子是红色SoIknowmyfirstelectronisred.假设我现在测量第二个电7SupposeInowmeasurethesecondelectron.你定会认为我获得红或绿的可能性各为一半Youdthinkdhavea50/50chanceofgettingredorgreen.毕竟这种认为Afterall,thatswhat是按照常理所做出的youdexpectinth
27、enormal,everydayworld.但是你错了Butyoudbewrong.在量子纠缠理论中两个电7存在神秘的联♥系♥Inquantumentanglement,theelectronsaremysteriouslylinked.例如如果我首先得到红色Forexample,if1getredonthefirst.那么我之后得到的总是红色.IALWAYSgetredonthesecond.这个游戏亳无概率可言Itsnotagameofchanceanymore.就好像第一个电子It,sasifthefirst一直在告诉着第二个该如何去做electroniste
28、llingthesecondonewhattodo.这也就是为何爱因斯坦称它们是幽灵ThatswhyEinsteincalleditspooky.无论它们相隔多远Theelectronsseemtoknowthat电子似乎都知道theyshouldbothhavethesamecolour,它们应该具有相同的颜色nomatterhowfaraparttheyare.而真正的重点在于Thereallyimportantpartisthat两个电子并不需要具有相同的颜色thetwoelectronsneedntbethesamecolour.它们可以其他方式发生纠缠Theycanbeentangl
29、edinadifferentway,所以如果第一个电子是红色sothatifthefirstelectronisred.那么第二个总是绿色.Thesecondoneisalwaysgreen.这种神秘的联♥系♥似乎是Itseemsthatthismysteriousconnectionistheultimatesecret量子知更鸟罗盘的终极秘密oftheQuantumRobinscompass.因为地磁场的方向.BecausethedirectionoftheEarthsmagneticfield可以影响其状态caninfluencetheoutcome.靠近赤道
30、时它们更像是红红Neartheequator,theymaybemorelikelytobered-red.而临近极点时它们则可能变为红-绿ButnearthePole,theymaybemorelikelytobered-green.而这也是打破知更鸟化学罗盘平衡的Andthatsthevitalfactorthatfinallytipsthebalanceof重要原EItherobinschemicalcompass.地磁场的细微振动都可能影响TinyvariationsintheEarthsmagneticfieldchangetheway知更鸟眼中电子的纠缠方式electronsint
31、herobinseyeareentangled,而这也足以改变它的磁罗盘andthatsjustenoughtotriggerhercompass.现在我们终于知道如此微弱的地磁场Now,finally,wecanseehowsomethingasweakastheEarths是如何让知更鸟感知磁场方向magneticfieldcantipthatbalanceonewayortheother.如磁场改变Ifthemessagechanges,则发生在知更鸟眼中的化学反应也会改变thechemicalreactiontipsadifferentway.并影响其对r磁场的判断.Changingt
32、herobinscompassreading.突然之间我们发现在鸟类中也存在着Suddenlyitlookslikeitsafundamentallyquantummechanical量子力学现象phenomenoninbirds.若非首次这在生物学界也算是史无前例了Itwouldbeoneofthefirst,ifnotTHEfirst,inbiology.生物学家们真要好好适应这物理学的离奇之处Biologistsbettergetusedtotheweirdnessofphysics.知更鸟是通过这幽灵般的量子纠缠来导航TherobinisnavigatingbySpookyQuantu
33、mentanglement.想要看到这奥妙的量子效应Toseesubtlequantumeffects,即使是在极端苛刻的物理实验室环境之下eveninacontrolled,austereenvironmentofaphysicslab,也极其困难isreallydifficult.但知更鸟却丝毫不费吹灰之力Andyetherestherobindoingitwithease.这些实验都是真实并得到过验证但尽管Theseexperimentsarerealandverifiable,andyeteventhough我亲眼所见mseeingthemwithmyowneyes,可我还是难以置信I
34、stillfindithardtobelieve.鸟类的导航问题将物理学Birdnavigationhasbroughtphysics和自然融为一体形成了量子生物学andnaturetogetherasthescienceofquantumbiology.一个全新的世界正等待着我们去探索Theresawholenewworldtoexplore.但先驱们发现量子力学不仅仅影响着鸟类Butitspioneershavefoundthatitdoesn,tjustaffectbirds.它与我们每个人都息息相关Itaffectseverysingleoneofus.因为最近的实验表明Because
35、thelatestexperimentssay量子物理此时此刻就发生在你的身上youredoingquantumphysicsrightnow.无论你相信与否在你的鼻中就正在上演Andbelieveitornot,youredoingitwithyournose.你好吉姆Hello,Jem!你好Hello.嗨小家伙Hello,littlegirl!Hello.我们的嗅觉不同寻常Oursenseofsmellisremarkable,与其他的感官如视觉和听觉有着天壤之别andquitedifferentfromourothersensesofsightandhearing.在数千种我们可以识别的
36、气味当中Amongthethousandsofscentsthatwecanrecognise,有许多或许可以manyofthemmaywell激发我们脑海深处那强烈的情感和记忆triggerverypowerfulmemoriesandemotions.这就好似我们对于气味的感知Itsasthoughoursenseofsmellis直接和我们的内在意识相连wireddirectlytoourinnerconsciousness.不同之处还表现在另一方面It,salsodifferentinanotherway.其他的感官Theothersensesofsight如视觉和听觉都是在探测波an
37、dhearingrelyonusdetectingwaves-光波和声波lightandsound.但是嗅觉则是在探测粒子Butoursenseofsmellinvolvesdetectingparticles-化学分子chemicalmolecules.最近科学家们逐渐意识到当遇到Recently,scientistshavebeguntorealisethatwhenitcomesto我们嗅觉的问题时总会有极其神秘的事情发生oursenseofsmell,somethingverymysteriousisgoingon.数十年来生物学家们认为他们已经对于鼻子Fordecades,biolo
38、giststhoughttheyknewexactlyhowournoses如何分辨气味的原理了如指掌sniffedoutdifferentchemicals.但物理学家詹妮布鲁克斯则认为ButphysicistslikeJennyBrookesthinktherecouldbeanew嗅觉之花的气味远不止如此ingredientinthemix.因为她嗅到了量子力学的味道Anditsmellslikequantummechanics.很多人谈论到嗅觉Alotofpeoplespeakofthesenseofsmellandolfaction,或是嗅觉这门科学andthescienceofol
39、faction似乎都认为这已被研究透彻asbeingaproblemthatsbeensolved或是对其了如指掌-我们的确对其了解颇多andweknowallaboutit-andwedoknowalotaboutit.我们知道如何制♥造♥香料Weknowabouttheingredients,也能川仪器探测出气味weknowabouttheequipmentthatweusetosmell.但我觉得对嗅觉的了解还不够透彻ButIwouldarguethatthere,salittlebitmoretounderstand.为了深入探究我需要找个人帮我来做个嗅觉实
40、验Tounderstandmore,Ineedsomeonetohelpmewithasmelltest.而吉姆则需要把他找出来AndJemisgoingtosniffhimout.每个人身上都会释放一些化学物质Everyhumanbeinggivesoffacocktailofchemicals.这些溶解在市井之中的气息Jem,snosecoulddetectasinglegramofit都将被吉姆的鼻子一一嗅出dissolvedoveranentirecity.所以让她找到我想找的人易如反掌Soshehasnotroublefindingthemanmlookingfor.让我来认识一下园
41、艺师科林MeetColinthegardener,他是一个闻遍百花之香的人amanwhosusedtosmellingtheflowers.那么好科林Right,then,Colin,我要对你的嗅觉灵敏度做一个小测试mgoingtoputyoursniffingskillstothetest.没问题-我专门挑选了一些化学试剂Cool.-vegotaselectionofchemicalshere,我想让你告诉我当你闻到后想到了什么and1wantyoutotellmewhattheyremindyouof.好Ok.先来个简单的llstartyouoffeasily.哦那个Oh,thats.有点
42、像是薄荷薄荷味的鼻塞药之类的东西.Likeaminty,mintyvapourrub.Itis,yeah.Sortofthing.没错确实是鼻塞时会涂抹在Yeah,thisis.Somethingwhatyoudrub.这是薄薄荷醇-薄荷醇没错但这是香精Thisismen.menthol.-Menthol.Yeah.Butitsthatessence.那好接下来试试这个Right,here,sthenextone.你应该能闯出来Ah.Youshouldbeabletorecognisethisone.让我想起了和女儿一起烘焙Thatsbakingwithmydaughter.糖粉之类的东西Mm
43、-hm.Erm,icingsugarsortofthing.香草-香草没错Vanilla.-Vanilla,yeah.当我们的鼻子在探测气味时Whenournosesdetectachemical,它们会向我们的大脑传递神经信♥号♥♥theyfireanervesignaltoourbrains.但是不同的气味会产生不同的神经冲动Butdifferentchemicalscreatedifferentsensations.权威的解释是不同的化学分子Thestandardexplanationforthisistodowith具有不同的形状theshap
44、eofthemolecules.这个经典理论还要追溯到19世纪50年代Theconventionaltheorythatgoesbacktothe1950s那时就认识到saysthatthescent气味分子具有特殊的形状moleculehasaparticularshapethatallowsit从而能与我们鼻子内部的感受器匹配tofitintothereceptormoleculesinournose.如果其具有正确的形状那么就像手与手套一样匹配Ifithastherightshape,it,slikeahandinaglove,或钥匙与锁相匹配orakeyinalock.实际上他们称之为
45、锁钥机制Infact,itscalledthelockandkeymechanism.如果形状不相符那么就无法与感受器匹配Withthewrongshape,itwontfitintothereceptor.而形状如果相符化学分子就会与感受器匹配Butwiththerightshape,itfitsintothereceptor,从而激发特殊的神经冲动知晓气味triggeringthatuniquesmellsensation.不同的感受器与大脑的不同部位相连接Differentreceptorsarewiredtodifferentpartsofourbrains.所以当薄荷分子与其专门的感
46、受器相匹配时So,whenamentholmoleculelocksintoitsspecificreceptor,就会激发薄荷这种气味的神经冲动ittriggersthatmintyfreshsensation.但是锁钥理论也有问题Butthelockandkeytheoryhasalwayshadaproblem.科林接下来的实验就能说明原因.AndColinsnexttestwillshowyouwhy.好不如OK,howabout.试试这个thisone?气味非常浓烈Quiteastrongsmell.哦这是Oh,that,s.你想到了什么有什么浮现在你的脑海里Yeah.Whatdoesitremindyouof?Whatdoesitconjureup?哪段记忆Whatmemories?我想是圣诞
