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1、国内外土壤环境质量标准概要,1.国外土壤环境质量标准体系 2.国内土壤环境质量标准概要 3.土壤修复相关标准,国外土壤环境质量标准体系,目 录,国外土壤环境质量标准概况美国土壤环境质量标准体系荷兰土壤环境质量标准体系加拿大土壤环境质量标准澳大利亚土壤环境质量标准其它国家土壤环境质量标准,国外土壤环境质量标准概况,保护对象的多样性暴露方式的多样性标准的多样性,保护对象的多样性,人体健康生态系统 植物 农作物 其它植物 野生动物 哺乳类动物 鸟类 无脊椎动物 生物过程地下水,暴露方式的多样性,皮肤接触直接摄入间接摄入呼吸吸入地下水饮用,标准的多样性,通用标准按土地用途分类标准按暴露方式分类标准土地
2、修复污染物清除,标准值设定示意图,欧洲国家标准设定级别,金属的可忽略风险浓度(mg/kg),有机物的可忽略风险浓度(mg/kg),金属的警示值(mg/kg),金属的行动干预值(mg/kg),美国土壤环境质量标准体系,1.美国国家土壤环境质量标准体系的组成:通用土壤筛选值(Generic SSLs)生态土壤筛选值(Eco-SSLs)人体健康土壤筛选值 土壤放射性核素筛选值 2.美国区系(region)土壤环境质量标准体系 3.美国各州的土壤环境质量标准体系,美国土壤环境质量标准体系的特点,科学性系统性完整性互补性,通用土壤筛选值(Generic SSLs),generic SSLs for 11
3、0 chemicals.Generic SSLs The generic SSLs are not necessarily protective of all known human exposure pathways,reasonable land uses,or ecological threats.Generic SSLs are presented separately for major pathways of concern in both surface and subsurface soils.,通用土壤筛选值Generic SSLs(Inorganics),通用土壤筛选值Ge
4、neric SSLs(organics),生态土壤筛选值(Eco-SSLs)（mg/kg土壤干重）,续上表,人体健康土壤筛选值 居住区土壤筛选值（mg/kg）,商业区/工业区土壤筛选值（以室外作业人员为受体）（mg/kg）,商业区/工业区土壤筛选值（以室内作业人员为受体）（mg/kg）,美国土壤筛选值的制定方法,通用土壤筛选值(Generic SSLs)制定方法 生态土壤筛选值(Eco-SSLs)制定方法 人体健康土壤筛选值制定方法,确定土壤筛选值(SSLs)的一般步骤,Developing a conceptual site model(CSM)Comparing the CSM to th
5、e SSL scenario Defining data collection needs Sampling and analyzing soils at site Calculating site-specific SSLs Comparing site soil contaminant concentrations to calculated SSLs Determining which areas of the site require further study.,SSL Equations-Surface Soils,Equation 1:Screening Level Equati
6、on for Ingestion of Noncarcinogenic Contaminants in Residential SoilScreening Level(mg/kg)=THQBWAT365d 1/RfDo10-6 kg/mg EF EDIRParameter/Definition(units)DefaultTHQ/target hazard quotient(unitless)1BW/body weight(kg)15AT/averaging time(yr)6RfDo/oral reference dose(mg/kg-d)chemical-specificEF/exposur
7、e frequency(d/yr)350ED/exposure duration(yr)6IR/soil ingestion rate(mg/d)200,Equation 2:Screening Level Equation forIngestion of Carcinogenic Contaminants in Residential Soil,Screening Level(mg/kg)=TR AT365 dSFo10-6 kg/mg EFIF soil/adjParameter/Definition(units)Default TR/target cancer risk(unitless
8、)10-6 AT/averaging time(yr)70 SFo/oral slope factor(mg/kg-d)-1 chemical-specific EF/exposure frequency(d/yr)350 IFsoil/adj/age-adjusted soil ingestion factor(mg-yr/kg-d)114,确定生态土壤筛选值(Eco-SSLs)的步骤,The General Process for Establishing Eco-SSLsStep 1:Literature SearchStep 2:Determine Acceptability of S
9、tudy for Use in Deriving Eco-SSLStep 3:Extract,Evaluate and Score DataStep 4:Select Value,影响土壤污染物生物获取率的土壤参数,Key Soil Parameters Affecting Contaminant Bioavailability in SoilsSoil pH.Cation and Anion Exchange Capacities.Clay Minerals（Clays,by definition,are soil particles less than 2 microns in size）
10、Organic Matter(Organic Carbon)Content.,植物对部分金属的吸收率与土壤条件的关系(Al,Sb,Ba,Be,Cd,Co,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Ag,Zn),植物对部分金属的吸收率与土壤条件的关系(As,Cr,Se,V),部分有机物的可获取率与土壤条件的关系(PCB,DDT,PAHs,TNT,狄氏剂)(Kow-辛醇-水分配系数),美国区系(region)土壤环境质量标准体系,Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals(PRGs)Region 4 Ecological Screening ValuesRegion 6 Human
11、 Health Medium-Specific Screening LevelsRegion 3 Risk-Based Concentration(RBC),美国各州的土壤环境质量标准体系,Oregon Screening Level Values for Ecological Risk AssessmentCalifornia Human Health Screening Levels for SoilMassachusetts Human Exposure Categories:S-1,S-2 AND S-3Florida Soil Cleanup Target Levels(CTLs),
12、Oregon生态风险评价筛选值,续上表,续上表,续上表,荷兰土壤环境质量标准体系,RIVM National institute of public health and Environment 荷兰公共卫生与环境国家研究院的简称VROM Ministry of housing,spatial planning and the Environment荷兰住房及规划和环境部,荷兰土壤环境质量标准体系中的重要概念,Target values 目标值 The target values indicate the level at which there is a sustainable soil q
13、uality.target values indicate the level that has to be achieved to fully recover the functional properties of the soil for humans and plant and animal life.Besides this the target values give an indication of the benchmark for environmental quality in the long term on the assumption of negligible ri
14、sks to the ecosystem.Soil remediation intervention values 土壤修复干预值 The soil remediation intervention values indicate when the functional properties of the soil for humans,plant and animal life,is seriously impaired or threatened.They are representative of the level of contamination above which there
15、is a serious case of soil contamination.Indicative levels for serious contamination 严重污染警示值 The RIVMs proposals for intervention values have not resulted in intervention values being set for a number of substances.The so-called indicative levels for serious contamination have been given for these su
16、bstances.Indicative levels have been set for substances in the second,third and fourth series.No indicative levels have been set for the first series of substances.,Maximum permissible concentration(MPC)最大允许浓度:The sum of the maximum permissible addition(MPA)and the background concentration(Cb)MPCMPA
17、CbNegligible concentration(NC)可忽略浓度:The sum of the background concentration Cb and the negligible addition(NA),or,The NC is derived from the MPC by dividing it by 100 NCNACbNegligible addition(NA)可忽略增加:NA is derived by dividing the MPA by 100 ecotoxicological serious risk concentration(SRCECO)严重生态风险
18、浓度 ecotoxicological serious risk addition(SRAECO)严重生态风险增加,RIVM提出的九个微量元素的各项标准,Target values and soil remediation intervention values and background concentrations for metals(VROM)Values for soil have been expressed as the concentration in a standard soil(10%organic matter and 25%clay).,续上表,加拿大土壤环境质量标
19、准体系,Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines 土壤质量指导值 for four land use categories:Agricultural 农业用地:where the primary land use is growing crops or tending livestock.This also includes agricultural lands that provide habitat for resident and transitory wildlife and native flora.主要用于作物栽培和放养家畜,包括野生动植物栖息地 Resid
20、ential/Parkland 居住/公共用地:where the primary activity is residential or recreational activity;parkland is defined as a buffer between areas of residency,and also includes campground areas,but excludes wildlands such as national or provincial parks.居住和娱乐活动用地,居住区之间的缓冲区,露营地,但不包括国家公园的荒地Commercial商业用地:where
21、 the primary activity is commercial(e.g.,shopping mall)and not residential or manufacturing.This does not include zones where food is grown.Industrial工业用地:where the primary activity involves the production,manufacture,or construction of goods.,Two generic soil types,coarse-textured soils(soils conta
22、ining predominantly sand and gravel sizes)fine-textured soils(soils containing predominantly silt and clay sizes).The criterion distinguishing the two categories is a median grain size of 75 microns.,Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines(mgkg-1).,澳大利亚土壤环境质量标准体系,Soil Investigation level土壤调查值 Health Invest
23、igation level 土壤健康调查值 substace xbackground expossuresamount of substance absorbed from soil BE(Sing Cing BingSinh Cinh Binh Sskin Cskin Bskin)BE:background expossures(eg.From food and water)Sing:amount of soil ingested Sskin:amount of soil on skinEcological Investigation level土壤生态调查值 proposed percen
24、tage of species and processes for different land uses;land use standard%protection residential 80 urban parkland 80 rural parkland 80 commercial 60 industrial 60 agricultural 95,Soil Investigation level(mg/kg)australia,),瑞典土壤环境质量标准generic guideline values,按土地敏感程度,guideline values分为三类:敏感土地(sensitive
25、land use)较不敏感土地地下水保护(less sensitive land use,groundwater protection)较不敏感土地(less sensitive land use)按污染程度评价分类 Not very serious guideline values Moderately serious 1-3guideline values Serious 3-10guideline values Very serious 10guideline values,巴西圣保罗州土壤环境质量标准,(1)quality reference value,indicating the
26、quality level of a soil considered as clean soil,generally associated with the natural concentration of the element of interest;(2)preventing value,above which harmful changes in the soil quality may occur;and(3)intervention value,above which potential risks to the human health exist,considering a g
27、eneric exposure scenario.The model used by CETESB to obtain these values was based on that developed by the Netherlands National Institute of Public Health and Environment,德国土壤环境质量标准中的特色,1.三级设定:Precaution levels 预防值 Trigger levels 启动值 Action levels 行动值 2.污染途径(Pathway):Soilhuman beings(direct contact
28、)土壤人体直接接触 Soil-plants(transfer)土壤-植物转移 Soil-groundwater 土壤-地下水 3.土壤用途:Agriculture 农业 Gardening 园地 Green land 绿地,4.acceptable additional annual load of hazadous substances有害物质可接受年负荷 cadmium 6(g/ha*a)lead 400 chromium 300 copper 360,国内土壤环境质量标准,1.国家土壤环境质量标准 GB15618-1995 污染物10项,其中无机物8项,2.展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准
29、(暂行)HJ350-2007 污染物92项,其中无机物14项,分级:A级:目标值 B级:修复行动值3.环保部 环发200839号文件.在土壤环境质量评价标准值中,无机物12项,有机物4项.,4.食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准(HJ 332-2006)其中土壤环境质量评价指标限值与国标一致.温室蔬菜产地环境质量评价标准(HJ 333-2006)温室土壤环境质量评价指标限值与国标基本一致,略有调整.6.拟开放场址土壤中剩余放射性可接受水平规定（暂行）(HJ 53-2000)7.工业企业土壤环境质量风险评价基准(HJ/T 251999)有机物30项.基准严重偏高,如苯:1640mg/Kg,美国.12
30、mg/Kg,土壤修复相关标准,待修复土壤判断标准修复土壤行为标准修复土壤验收标准,待修复土壤判断标准,国内标准:展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准 修复行动值国外标准:荷兰国家标准 Intervention values 干预值,土壤污染、风险及行动程度关系示意图,参照值,启动值,干预值,无须行动,土壤浓度,风险,修复行动,调查或修复,未污染,可视作未污染,已污染,待修复土壤判断标准比较,污染物 国标(三级)展会标 荷兰 美国GssL(摄入)Cd 1.0 22 12 70 Pb 500 600 530 400 As 30 80 55 0.4 Hg 1.5 50 10 23 Zn 500 1500
31、720 23000 DDT 1.0-2Benzene-13 1.0 12,修复土壤行为标准,EPA:Green Cleanup Standard Initiative 1.Energy Use and Efficiency能源利用和效率 2.Water Use and Efficiency 水利用和效率 3.Air Quality 空气质量 4.Land and Ecosystems Enhancements土地和生态系统强化 5.Material Consumption and Waste Generation 材料消耗和废物生成 6.Long-Term Stewardship 长期管理,A
32、STM E 1739,石油污染清除行动标准指南 Standard Guide for Risk-Based Corrective Action Applied at Petroleum Release Sites.ASTM E 1689,开发概念站点模型标准指南 Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites.ASTM E 978,评价化学物质环境变迁数学模型标准 Standard Practice for Evaluating Mathematical Models for the Env
33、ironmental Fate of Chemicals.,修复土壤验收标准,Region 9 Preliminary Remediation Goals(PRGs)Florida Soil Cleanup Target Levels(CTLs)Region 3 Risk-Based Concentration(RBC)EPA Preliminary Remediation Goals for Radionuclides,Region9土壤初级修复目标值(PRGs)(约550项),Arizona statesSoil Remediation Levels(SRLs),Colorado stat
34、eSoil Cleanup Table Value Standards mg/kg,EPA土壤修复目标值(PRGs)的计算方法,RESIDENTIAL SOIL CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS,Parameters Definition(units)Default ValueC chemical concentration in soil(mg/kg)TR target excess individual lifetime cancer risk(unitless)10-6SFO oral cancer slope factor(mg/kg-day)-l)chemical-speci
35、ficAT averaging time(yr)70 yrEF exposure frequency(days/yr)350 days/yrIFsoil/adj age-adjusted ingestion factor(mg-yr/kg-day)114 mg-yr/kg-day,COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL SOIL CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS,Parameters definition(units)Default ValueC chemical concentration in soil(mg/kg)TR target excess individual lif
36、etime cancer risk(unitless)10-6SFi inhalation cancer slope factor(mg/kg-day)-1)chemical-specificSFO oral cancer slope factor(mg/kg-day)-l)chemical-specificBW adult body weight(kg)70KgAT averaging time(yr)70yrEF exposure frequency(days/yr)250days/yrED exposure duration(yr)25yrIRsoil soil ingestion rate(mg/day)50mg/dayIRair workday inhalation rate(m3/day)20m3/dayVF soil-to-air volatilization factor(m3/kg)chemical-specificPEF particulate emission factor(m3/kg)4.63 x 109 m3/kg,
