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1、INTERNATIONA1.MONETARYFUNDIMFCountryReportNo.24/20MA1.DIVESFINANCIA1.SECTORASSESSMENTPROGRAMJanuary2024TECHNICA1.NOTEONFINANCIA1.SAFETYNETANDCRISISMANAGEMENTARRANGEMENTSThispaperontheMaldiveswaspreparedbyastaffteamoftheInternationalMonetaryFundasbackgrounddocumentationfortheperiodicconsultationwitht
2、hemembercountry.ItisbasedontheinformationavailableatthetimeitwascompletedonDecember18,2023.CopiesofthisreportareavailabletothepublicfromInternationalMonetaryFundPublicationServicesPOBox92780Washington,D.C.20090Telephone:(202)623-7430Fax:(202)623-7201E-mail:Dublicationsimf.orgWeb:InternationalMonetar
3、yFundWashington,D.C.2024InternationalMonetaryFundHINTERNATIONA1.MONETARYFUND勺R、MA1.DIVESFINANCIA1.SECTORASSESSMENTPROGRAMDecember18,2023TECHNICA1.NOTEFINANCIA1.SAFETYNETANDCRISISMANAGEMENTARRANGEMENTSPreparedByMonetaryandCapitalMarketsDepartment,InternationalMonetaryFundThisTechnicalNotewaspreparedi
4、nthecontextofajointIMF-WorIdBankFinancialSectorAssessmentProgram(FSAP)missioninMaldivesduringMay2023ledbyTorstenWezel(IMF)andNatalieNicolaou(WB),andoverseenbytheMonetaryandCapitalMarketsDepartment,InternationalMonetaryFund,andtheFinanceandMarketsGlobalPractice,WorldBank.Thenotecontainsthetechnicalan
5、alysisanddetailedinformationunderpinningtheFSAPassessmentsfindingsandrecommendations.FurtherinformationontheFSAPprogramcanbefoundatCONTENTSGlossary3EXECUTIVESUMMARY4INTR0DUC110N9INSTITUnONA1.FRAMEWORKANDINTER-AGENCYARRANGEMENTS10A. InstitutionalArrangements10B. Inter-AgencyArrangements13C. Summaryof
6、Recommendations15EAR1.YINTERVENTION,ANDRECOVERYANDRESO1.UTIONP1.ANNING15A. EarlyIntervention15B. RecoveryandResolutionPlanning17C. SummaryofRecommendations19BANKRESO1.UTIONANDUQUIDATION19A. KeyIssues19B. SummaryofRecommendations25C. ERGENCY1.IQUIDITYASSISTANCEAND1.IQUIDITYINRESO1.UTION26A. KeyIssues
7、26B. SummaryofRecommendations28C. POSITINSURANCEANDRESO1.UTIONFUNDING29A. DepositorProtectionandPayout29B. ResolutionFunding30C. SummaryofRecommendations31CONTINGENCYP1.ANNINGANDCRISISMANAGEMENT32A. KeyIssues32B. SummaryofRecommendations32BOXES1. OverviewofMMASupervisoryToolstoAddressRisksandWeaknes
8、ses172. RecoveryandResolutionPlanning183. DifferentFormsofDepositorPreference25FIGURE1.BankResolutionand1.iquidationProcess20TAB1.E1.RecommendationsonBankResolutionandCrisisManagement6GlossaryBOFDCMDADIFDIRDISE1.AEWIEWSFSBFSCFSNFXKAsM&AMBAMMAMVRMOFMOUP&ARRPBanksandOtherFinancialInstitutionsDivisionC
9、apitalMarketDevelopmentAuthorityDepositInsuranceFundDepositInsuranceRegulationDepositInsuranceSystemEmergency1.iquidityAssistanceEarlywarningindicatorEarlywarningsystemFinancialStabilityBoardFinancialStabilityCommitteeFinancialSafetyNetForeignexchangeKeyAttributesofEffectiveResolutionRegimesforFinan
10、cialInstitutionsMergerandacquisitionMaldivesBankingActMaldivesMonetaryAuthorityMaldivianRufiyaaMinistryofFinanceMemorandumofUnderstandingPurchaseandassumptionRecoveryandResolutionPlanningEXECUTIVESUMMARY】Maldiveslegislationincludesimportantelementsofafinancialsafetynetandcrisismanagementframeworkbut
11、thereareareasforstreamliningandimprovement.Shortcomingsintheearlyinterventionandbankresolutionframeworksneedtobeaddressed,includinginternalarrangementsontheescalationprocessfromtheexerciseoftheMMA,spowertotakeenforcementactionsthroughtotheinitiationofresolution.Theoveralldesignoftheresolutiontoolsis
12、complex-theMBAincludesdifferentmechanismsforthesameresolutiontools-andrequiresstreamlining.MMAshoulddevelopaneffectiveemergencyliquidityassistanceframework.Depositinsurancesystemshouldbeenhanced.InstitutionalandinteragencyarrangementsinMaldivesneedstobeenhanced.Thecooperationacrossfinancialsafetynet
13、participantsneedstobestrengthened,includingtaskingtheFinancialStabilityCommittee,withresponsibilitiesforcrisispreparednessandmanagement.Inaddition,MMAshouldestablishworkingrelationshipswithresolutionauthoritiesinforeignjurisdictions,reservingtherightofdiscretionarynationalactionandsubjecttoappropria
14、teconfidentialityrequirements.TheMaldivesBankingAct(MBA)providestoolsfortheMMAtoimplementearlyinterventionandresolutionmeasures.However,thereareshortcomingsthatneedtobeaddressedtoenhancebothframeworksandalignthemwithinternationalgoodpractices. MMAneedstoestablishaclearerandforward-lookingsetofearlyi
15、nterventiontriggersandt.Inaddition,theMMAshouldissuerelevantregulationsorguidelinesforoperationalizingtheearlyinterventionregimecomprisingpreventativeandcorrectiveactions. MMAshouldbeauthorizedtorequirebankstohavearecoveryplanthatcomplieswithrequirementstobespecifiedbytheMMA.Recoveryplanningshouldst
16、artwithapilotprogramfocusingonthelargestbank. Similarly,theMMAshouldpreparearesolutionplanforsystemicallyimportantbanksandperformaccompanyingresolvabilityassessments.Undertheresolutionplan,theMMAshoulddeterminetheresolutionstrategiesforthebankbasedontheassessmentofhowtopreservefinancialstabilitywhil
17、eprotectingitscriticalfunctions. Thetriggersforinitiatingresolutionshouldbestrengthenedincludingaforwardlookingperspective.Thegovernancetriggershouldbeenhancedbyprovidinglinkstobank,scapacitytomaintainadequatesystemsandcontrolsandtoeffectivelymanageitsrisks. TheMBAshouldbeamendedtoprovidearesolution
18、frameworkincorporatingaunifiedmechanism.Underthismechanism,theMMAshouldbeempoweredtoimplementdifferent1ThisTechnicalNotewaspreparedbyYesimAydin(MCM).TheanalysisbenefitedfromdiscussionswiththestaffoftheMMAandreviewersattheIMF.resolutiontoolssequentiallyorincombination,andiffeasibleunderthelegalframew
19、ork,withoutcourtinvolvement,subjecttorelevantsafeguardstoprotectinterestsofshareholdersandcreditors. TherequirementforthedeliveryofQconservatorsreportshouldnotbeapriorrequirementtoimplementingresolutionpowers,asthismayjeopardizethetimelyimplementationOfeffectiveresolutionactions.TheMBAshouldbeamende
20、dtoempowertheMMAtotriggerresolutionandforresolutionpowerstobeappliedimmediatelyforabankdeemednon-viableorlikelynon-viable. Thebridgebankpreferablyshouldbeownedandcontrolledbythegovernment.ThebridgebankwillbeoperatingunderthesupervisionoftheMMA,andintheMaldivescontext,conflictofinterestissueswouldbeb
21、estaddressedbythegovernment,ratherthantheMMAowningandcapitalizingthebridgebank. TheMBAshoulddifferentiatethecreditorhierarchybyprovidingreferencetoinsuredanduninsureddepositorsrelativetounsecuredcreditors.Thiscouldtaketheformofatieredorgeneraldepositorpreference.Inaddition,thelegislationshouldauthor
22、izetheMMA,underexceptionalcircumstances(i.e.zwhennecessarytocontainthepotentialsystemicimpactofabank,sfailureortomaximizeitsvalueforthebenefitofallcreditorsasawhole)todeviatefromtheparipassutreatmentofcreditorsofthesameclass,subjecttoanocreditorworseoffsafeguard.MMAshoulddevelopaneffectiveemergencyl
23、iquidityassistance(E1.A)framework.ThisrequiresamendmentstotheMMAActthattoincludeE1.Aprovisionsandsafeguards,andtoclarifythattheE1.AcanbeprovidedbytheMMAonadiscretionarybasistobanksthathavetemporaryliquidityshortagesbutareassessedtobesolventandviable.E1.Ashouldbeprovidedagainstadequatecollateralandat
24、asufficientlyhighrateofinterest.Ahighlevelofdollarizationandtheriskofofficialreservesbeingdepletedposesignificantchallenges.WhiletheMMAshouldbevestedwiththecapacitytoprovideE1.AinFX,itshouldonlydosoinpracticeifithassufficientinternationalreservesandifnecessarytopreservefinancialstability.Thedepositi
25、nsurancesystemshouldbeenhancedandalignedwiththeInternationalAssociationofDepositInsurers(IADI)CorePrinciplesforEffectiveDepositInsuranceSystems.Thiswouldinclude:a. Enhancingthegovernancebyestablishingastronginternalcontrolframework,b. Decidingontargetfundsizesufficienttomeettheexpectedfutureobligati
26、onsandcovertheoperationalandrelatedcosts,c. TheDIFhavingapayboxplusmandate,enablingittoprovidecontributionstobankresolutionsubjecttosufficientsafeguardsandonaleast-costbasis,andallowforex-postrecoveryfromthebankingsystemoftemporarypublicfinancingusedtofacilitatetheorderlyresolutionofafailedbank.d. P
27、rovidingforemergencyfundingarrangementsforthedepositinsurancesystem,includingprearrangedandassuredsourcesofliquidityfunding(preferablyacreditlinefromthegovernment)inlaworregulation(IADICP9).Safeguardsagainstrecapitalizationbypublicfundsneedtobestrengthened.Thisshouldbeanexceptionalmechanismusedasala
28、stresort,onlyforcaseswherethereisasignificantriskofdestabilizationofthefinancialsystemandnootheroptionsavailable.Publicfundsshouldbeusedonlyafterallestimatedlossesinthefailedbankhavebeenallocatedtoshareholdersand,totheextentpossible,tounsecuredcreditors.Anypublicsolvencysupportshouldbecombinedwithde
29、eprestructuringandmanagementreforms,toenhancelongtermviability.Thereshouldalsobepredefinedmechanismsforlossrecoverysuchasex-postleviesfromthebankingsector.Table1.Maldives:RecommendationsonBankResolutionandCrisisManagementNo.RecommendationAuthorityTime1Institutionalandinter-agencyarrangements1.Establ
30、ishaseparateResolutionUnitintheMMA;ifnotpracticable,establishandadhocteamtobeconvertedtoaseparateunitinduecourse,withappropriatesafeguardstoensureitsautonomyandminimizeconflictsofinterest(UlO).MMANT2.AmendtheMBAtoexplicitlyincludetheresolutionobjectives(1112).MMA,ParliamentI3.Considerstrengtheningth
31、eindependenceofMMA,sboardofdirectorsbyremovingGovernmentandprivatesectorrepresentativesfromit(H14).ParliamentI4.EnhancethedomesticcooperationandcoordinationacrossfinancialsafetynetparticipantsandtasktheFinancialStabilityCommittee(FSC)recommendedformacroprudentialpolicywiththecoordinationofactivities
32、pertainingtocrisispreparednessandmanagement,ensuringthatthecoordinationroleoftheFSCdoesnotpreemptthepowersandinitiativeoftheMMAasresolutionauthority(If16,18).MMA,MoF,CMDAI5.AmendtheMBAinlinewiththeFSBKAsinrelationtoestablishmentoflegalframeworkconditionsforcrossbordercooperation(1121).MMA,Parliament
33、ST6.Establishworkingrelationshipswithresolutionauthoritiesinforeignjurisdictions,reservingtherightofdiscretionarynationalactionandsubjecttoappropriateconfidentialityrequirements;identifythemattersforwhichlegalrecognitioninMaldivesmightbeneededinordertofacilitatetheimplementationofthehomeresolutionau
34、tho11ty,sresolutionplanforaDSIBwithasubsidiaryorbranchintheMaldives(1120,21,22).MMASTEarlyintervention,recoveryandresolutionplanning7.Includeclearlydefinedandforward-lookingearlyinterventiontriggersintheMBA(1125f26).MMA,ParliamentITable1.Maldives:RecommendationsonBankResolutionandCrisisManagement(Co
35、ntinued)8.Issuerelevantregulationsorguidelinesforoperationalizingtheearlyinterventionregimecomprisingpreventativeandcorrectiveactions,MMASTincludingtheguidanceforsettingouttheparametersandgovernanceanddevelopaformalizedEWS(1127)9.DevelopcontingencyplansforhowtheMMAwouldrespondtoemergingstressandweak
36、nessinabankandnoncompliancewithregulatoryrequirementsandundertakeregulartestingofMMAcapacitytoapplyearlyintervention(H27).MMAMT10.AuthorizetheMMAtorequirebankstopreparerecoveryplansandrequiretheMMAtoprepareresolutionplansandundertakeresolvabilityassessments.(1129,30).MMA,ParliamentSTBankresolutionan
37、dliquidation11.AmendtheMMAto: enhanceresolutiontriggersandempowertheMMAtotriggerresolutionandforresolutionpowerstobeappliedimmediatelyforabankdeemednon-viableorlikelynon-viable(1133,36). providearesolutionframeworkincorporatingaunifiedmechanismunderwhichdifferentresolutiontoolscanbeimplementedsequen
38、tiallyorincombination,andwherefeasibleunderthelegalframework,withoutcourtinvolvement,subjecttorelevantsafeguardstoprotectinterestsofshareholdersandcreditors(1142).MMA,ParliamentI12.IncludenecessaryprovisionsintheMBAtoexpeditetheCourt叩ProValfortheP&Atoolinsection72oftheMBA(1137).MMA,ParliamentI13.Ame
39、ndtheMBAtoensurethatthebridgebankisnotownedandcontrolledbytheMMA,ensurethattheMMAislegallyempoweredtoprovidethebasisforaneffectivecontroloverthebridgebank(V38,44).MMA,ParliamentI14.EnhancetheoperationalpreparednessoftheMMAforbankresolution;prepareguidelinesormanualsfortheoperationalizationoftheresol
40、utiontools;preparevaluationguidelines(1143,44,45).MMAMT15.ProvidetearedorgeneraldepositorpreferenceintheMBA;includetheNCWO1.principleinthelegislation;empowertheMMAtodeviate,underexceptionalcircumstances,fromtheparipassutreatmentofcreditorsofthesameclass(1148,49).MMA,ParliamentMTEmergency1.iquidityAs
41、sistance16.AmendtheMMAActtolegallyempowertheMMAtoprovideE1.Awithinawell-designedframework,alignedwithinternationalbestpractices.(1150,51,53).MMAParliamentI17.DevelopthelegalandproceduraldocumentationregardingtheprovisionofE1.Atosolventandviablebankswithtemporaryliquidityshortages(1152).MMAITable1.Ma
42、ldives:RecommendationsonBankResolutionandCrisisManagement(Concluded)18.EmpowertheMMAtoprovideliquiditysupportinresolution,subjecttoadequatesafeguards(U54).MMA,MOF,ParliamentSTDepositInsuranceandResolutionFunding19.Establishaseparate,dedicatedunitresponsibleforthemanagementoftheDIF,ensuringoperationa
43、lindependenceandsoundgovernancearrangements(1156).MMAMT20.Increasethesubmissionfrequencyofdepositdata(1159).MMAI21.Determineatargetfundsizeonthebasisofclear,consistentandtransparentcriteriaandareasonabletimeframetoreachthetargetfundsize(1158).MMAMT22.EnhanceMMA,sITcapacitytohaveaccesstoonlinedeposit
44、oraccountsandadoptaplantoreducethereimbursementperiodforinsureddepositstosevenworkingdays(H59).MMAMT23.Adoptalong-termstrategytopromotepublicawarenessoftheDIS(1160).MMAMT24.GiveDIFapayboxplusmandate(1161).MMA1ParliamentMT25.EnsurethattheDIFhasaclearback-upemergencyfundingfromthegovernmentincaseswher
45、etheresourcesareinsufficienttocoveritsresponsibilities;ensurethatthelegislation(MMAActandDIR)doesnotallowforanyborrowingsandcontributionsfromtheMMAincaseofashortfalloffundingfromtheD正(1162).MOFfMMAParliamentI26.Strengthenthesafeguardsagainstrecapitalizationbypublicfundsneedtobestrengthenedtominimize
46、theriskofmoralhazard(1163).MMA,MoEParliamentIContingencyPlanningandCrisisManagement27.EnhanceMMA,sroleincontingencyplanningandcrisispreparednessbydevelopinganoverarchingcrisis-managementplanandconductingregulardomesticcrisisexercises(U64).MMAST28.EnsurethatFSNparticipantshaveregularlyupdatedcontinge
47、ncyplans(1164).MMA,MOF,CMDAMT1Timing:!-Immediate:within1year;ST-shortterm:1to2years;MT-mediumterm:3-5years.INTRODUCTIONThisTechnicalNotewaspreparedbyHanifeYesimAydin(MCM).TheauthorwouldliketothanktheMaldivianauthoritiesfortheirexcellentengagementandconstructivedialoguethroughouttheFSAPprocess.1. Thi
48、stechnicalnotepresentsfindingsandrecommendationsregardingMaldivesfinancialsafetynetandcrisismanagementarrangements.Itcoversanassessmentoftheinstitutionalframework,earlyinterventionandrecoveryandresolutionplanning,bankresolutionandliquidationregimes,arrangementsforemergencyliquidityassistance(E1.A),depositinsuranceandresolutionfundingaswella
