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1、现代英语词汇学,Modern English Lexicology,Unit 1词的概述,内容提要一、词的定义二、词的语音与意义三、词的词汇意义与语法意义四、词的意义与概念五、词与词项六、词与词汇,第一章： 词的概述,词的定义A word is a speech sound or combination of sounds having meaning and used as a basic unit of language and human communication. Longman Modern English DictionaryA word is a sound or combin
2、ation of sounds forming a unit of the grammar or vocabulary of a language Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English,第一章： 词的概述,词的定义3. A word is one or more sounds which can be spoken (together) to represent an idea, object, action, etc. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English4. A word
3、 is a sound or combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a combination of morphemes. The American Heritage Dictionary,第一章： 词的概述,词的定义A word is a single unit o f language that can be repres
4、ented in writing or speech. Collins COBULLD A word is any sequence of letters (and a limited number of other characteristics such as hyphen ad apostrophe) bounded on either side by a space or punctuation mark. Orthography （正字法）,第一章： 词的概述,词的语音与意义The Naturalistsan intrinsic correspondence between soun
5、d and sense The Conventionalists: whats in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliiet,第一章： 词的概述,词的语音与意义 meaning (concept)Word form referent,第一章： 词的概述,词的语音与意义Tree (English)树 （Chinese）木 （Japanese）,第一章： 词的概述,词的语音与意义Words have no meaning; peo
6、ple have meaning for them. Eric Partridge感觉（sensation)知觉（perception） 概念（concept)表象（representation),第一章： 词的概述,词的词汇意义和语法意义Lexical meaning&Grammatical meaning,第一章： 词的概述,词的词汇意义和语法意义Lexical meaning:Conceptual meaningConnotative meaning Stylistic meaning Affective meaningReflected meaning Collocative mean
7、ingThematic meaning Geoffrey Leech,第一章： 词的概述,词的词汇意义和语法意义Designation ConnotationRange of application Lagislav Zgusta （捷克词典学家）,第一章： 词的概述,词的词汇意义和语法意义Grammatical meaning:The dog bit the man But me no buts.Note:一般来说，虚词（冠词、介词、连词）只有与语法意义，实词（如动词、名词、形容词、副词）既有语法意义又有词汇意义。,第一章： 词的概述,词的意义与概念 meaning (concept)Wor
8、d form referent,第一章： 词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）Conceptual meaningAssociative meaning：Connotative meaning Stylistic meaningAffective meaning Collocative meaning,第一章： 词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）Associative meaning：Connotative meaning（内涵意义）:Example: Woman: frail, prone to tears, emotional, sentimentalPolitician statesman (
9、区别)Blood:Blood is thicker than water.Make the blood boil.Blueblood in ones veins.He has Canadian blood.,第一章： 词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）Stylistic meaning:肌肉的：flesh carnal身体的：body corporal皮肤的：skin cutaneousDeem (think); dispatch (sent out 派遣)Complete (finish),第一章： 词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）Affective meaningSlim, thin, sk
10、innyBachelor girl, single woman, old maid, spinsterScholar, student, bookwormGathering, crowd, mobUnique, unusual, bizarre,第一章： 词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）Collocative meaning 词与词的共现关系,第一章： 词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）Collocative meaning1.慢车 1) slow train ； 2) local train2.沉睡 1) deep sleep; 2) sound sleep3.淡水 1) fresh wate
11、r ; 2) light water4.候机厅 1) waiting lounge 2)departure lounge,第一章： 词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）Collocative meaning5.安全带 1) seat belt; 2) safe belt 6.老顾客 1）old customer 2) regular customer7.软禁 1) soft arrest 2) house arrest,第一章： 词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）汉英词义对比： severe词语的搭配 severe Severe test 严峻的考验Severe training 严格的训练Seve
12、re reasoning 严谨的推理Severe competition 激烈的竞争Severe style 简朴的文体Severe brake 急刹车Severe radiation 强辐射Severe load 过载/超载Severe criticism 严厉的批评Severe pollution 严重污染,A Cognitive Approach to English Vocabulary,汉英词义对比： severe词语的搭配 severe Severe test 严峻的考验Severe training 严格的训练Severe reasoning 严谨的推理Severe compet
13、ition 激烈的竞争Severe style 简朴的文体Severe brake 急刹车Severe radiation 强辐射Severe load 过载/超载Severe criticism 严厉的批评Severe pollution 严重污染,第一章： 词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）发现错误！如果像这样看电视，他的眼睛总有一天会瞎掉。If he watches TV like this, his eyes will be completely blind.2. 我感到大学学习相当紧张。I feel college studies are quite busy3. 到处都是广告。Alm
14、ost everywhere has advertisements,第一章： 词的概述,词的意义与概念（补充）发现错误！4. 我不习惯喝浓茶。I am not used to thick tea.5. 我们知道山区是很艰苦的。We all know that mountain area was rather hard.6. 如今人们的生活离不开电视。Now peoples life cant leave TV.7. 读书可以获得知识Reading books can acquire knowledge.,第一章： 词的概述,词与词项Word & lexical item词是构成词汇的基本要素，
15、词项是词典的组成单位，Lexical items are often referred to , loosely, as “words” John Lyons,第一章： 词的概述,词语与词汇Words & vocabulary词的总和构成语言的词汇。应注意的介个问题：Native words & borrowed words Functional words & content wordsMorpheme & wordsInflectional & derivational,第一章： 词的概述,Supplementary:Native words & borrowed words 本族词与外来
16、词 本族语词汇：核心词汇 基本词汇 Basic English and Its Use (850words) I.A. Richards 外来词汇： 占词汇总量巨大 拉丁语、希腊语、法语、斯堪的纳维亚语以及来自其他语种的词汇。,第一章： 词的概述,Supplementary:2. Functional words & content words 功能词 与 实词 functional words（起语法构建作用） 冠词、连词、介词、感叹词 content words: 名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词 讨论： 有语言学家称：实词为开放词，功能词为封闭词,第一章： 词的概述,Suppleme
17、ntary:3. Morpheme & words词是由词素构成的自由词素（free morpheme)mistake : mistake粘附词素(bound morpheme)mistake : mis-take biocide(双粘附词素）bio+cide,第一章： 词的概述,Supplementary:4. Inflectional & derivational词缀：前缀和后缀从功能角度来看， 词缀可以分为屈折词缀(inflectional affix)和派生词缀(derivational affix)屈折词缀：表达词的语法功能的词缀He works here. Three cups o
18、n the table, 派生词缀：给词增加意义并产生不同词位的词缀分析：irremovable irremovable move remove movable removable irremovable,第一章： 词的概述,Supplementary:,一、英语的家谱 Indo-European language familySlavic / Iranian / Germanic / Latvian Romance / Celtic / Greek / Albanian,Germanic,East Germanic,North Germanic,West Germanic,Norwegian
19、,Icelandic,Danish,Swedish,English,German,Dutch,第一章： 词的概述,Supplementary:欧洲语言的相似性,第一章： 词的概述,Supplementary:,二、英语词汇的产生与发展 Some key words:Celts RomansAnglo-SaxonsNorman French,第一章： 词的概述,Supplementary:,Old English 450 1150Middle English 11501500Modern English: Early Modern English 15001700 Late Modern Eng
20、lish 1700 up to now,第一章： 词的概述,Supplementary:,Old English has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.,第一章： 词的概述,Supplementary:,古英语时期：凯尔特人（语）：罗马人来之前。罗马人统治时期：目前留下来的凯尔特词汇寥寥无几,Britons Britain (Britainia)罗马人又称：Albion (white cliffs）Chester / c
21、ester /caster castra (camp)-wich vici (village)Manchester ; Worcester; LancasterHarwich; Norwich地名 (Celtic)Kent ; Leeds; London;Avon (water or stream)Thames (dark water),第一章： 词的概述,Supplementary:,日耳曼征服The Germanic Conquest来自西北欧的三个部落：Angles 今天德国的石勒苏益格荷尔斯泰因 Schlewig-HolsteinSaxons 丹麦以西、北海（North Sea)沿海一
22、带Jutes 今天丹麦的日德兰（Jutland)半岛的北部,English Vocabulary,古英语时期：英语：综合性语言形态特征：Stn (stone) Stonehenge,English Vocabulary,古英语时期： gd (good),English Vocabulary,古英语时期：Old English: native words5000060000（vocabulary)Old English modern English drm dream hs house smoca smoke bn bone,English Vocabulary,古英语时期：古英语词汇特点：全民
23、性稳定性 get make free fill bold read say fall melt pole break gate kiss sail dry(原意基本保持不变)单音节 cap hat help milk no sup why fin egg高频率 出现频率最高的是英语本族词： gold cook sole sock soap smart see sun moon wine east .,English Vocabulary,古英语时期：古英语时期词汇特点5. 很强的构词力dog,bulldog(斗牛狗）dog-and-pony(以推销为目的的盛大表演）dog-ass (可悲的）d
24、og-bone(夹竹桃）dogberry (花楸）dog-biscuit(无吸引力的姑娘）dog-catcher （捕狗员）dog-cheap (非常便宜）dog-days (淡季）dog-ear(书页的折角）dog-eared (过时的）dog-eat-dog (损人利己的)dog-face (步兵）dog-fall (平局）dog-fight (混战）doggery (卑鄙行为）dog-go (隐蔽的）dog-gone（该死的）,English Vocabulary,古英语时期：古英语词汇特点：6. 搭配能力强 fish,A loose fish 放荡不羁的人As mute as a fi
25、sh 默不作声A different kettle of fish 截然不同的人A nice kettle of fish 尴尬的局面To drink like a fish 大喝Fish or cut bait 下定决心不再动摇To fish in the troubled water浑水摸鱼To have another fish to fry 另有他图Like a fish out of water感到生疏To fish for complaints 沽名钓誉Neither fish nor fowl非驴非马Never offer to teach fish to swim切莫班门弄斧F
26、ish begins to rot from head上梁不正下梁歪To cry stinking fish 叫卖臭鱼，拆自己的台A big fish in a little pond 小塘中的大鱼，矮子中的高个,English Vocabulary,古英语时期：古英语时期的外来词：Scandinavians(Vikings) Scandinavian sea-rovers 大约有100多个北欧语（词）融入到英语的核心词中。 to happen, to raise, to call, to hit, to die; knife, anger, race, cake, fellow, root;
27、 wrong, awkward, big, ill, sly, happy, low,English Vocabulary,古英语时期：古英语时期的外来词：外来文化对古英语的影响597年罗马教皇（Gregory the Great 540-604)派遣Augustine 率领使团来大不列颠岛传教。拉丁语（词）的传入：宗教：alb, cantor, cell, creed, saint, offer日常生活：spend, chest, pail, cook, fiddle, school, term动物：pike, viper, camel, tiger,English Vocabulary,古
28、英语时期：古英语词汇特点：词缀：-ig (-y) las(-less) ful(-ful)Bldig bloodyFrondleas friendlessPancful thankful 前缀：ge- (动作完成或达到目的）; sceran (cut) gesceran (to cut right through)For-(destroy) ; hergian (harry) forhergian (destroy by harrying),Middle English (1100-1500) after the Norman conquest,English Vocabulary,诺曼征服
29、Norman ConquestKey words:Edward the Confessor(1066年1月 驾崩）Harod William,English Vocabulary,古法语是印欧语系拉丁语族演化出来的罗曼斯语言（Romance languages)诺曼底征服英国：法国文化与日耳曼文化的融合。,English Vocabulary,Middle English中古英语为何比古英语变得简单？英语沦为贫民语言古英语方言多，渴望有一个统一的语言。法语有规则的拼写带动英语拼写的发展。用口头语来写作促使词尾曲折变化消亡。William 的强硬政策1476年William Caxton 引进了
30、印刷术。,English vocabulary,When we talk of meat on our tables we use French words; when we speak of animals from which the meat comes we use Anglo Saxon words. It is a pig in the sty, but is pork (porc) on the table. They are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef (boeuf). Chickens become poultr
31、y (poulet), and a calf becomes veal (veau). - Henry Fairle Pub Talk and the Kings English,English vocabulary The Saxon peasants who tilled the land reared the animals could not afford the meat, which went to Norman tables. The peasants were allowed to eat the rabbits that scampered over their fields
32、 and, since that meat was cheap, the Norman lords of course turned up their noses at it. So rabbit is still rabbit on our tables, and not changed into some rendering of lapin (French word).,English Vocabulary 三语并存,第一章： 词的概述,Supplementary:,Example:dict = say (Latin)diction措辞 dictum格言 predict预言 contra
33、dict相矛盾 dictate命令 dictator独裁者 indicate表明 malediction咒骂 benediction祝福 dictaphone口述录音机 indict控告 verdict裁决,English vocabularyOld English middle English,English Vocabulary,古法语对中古英语词汇的影响：Examples:来自各个方面，大部分都被英语同化。Story , rime, lay, able, calm, safe, poor, curb, rob, nice, mean, close, pass, push有些法语词仍保留着
34、其法语的特点：Flourish, courageous, obey, nourish, quit, surprise, arrive, revenue, alliance, mayor,English Vocabulary,英语构词中的法语成分： 在古英语时期，英语已经有了自己的词素，如：-ly, -ness, -less, -ful, -dom等。但这个时期法语的一些词素也被引进来，如：-age, -ry , -ess, -ance等。1250年法语 faith 进入英语，1300年出现了faithless和faithful,1362年出现faithfully;1388年出现faithful
35、ness.,English Vocabulary,拉丁词对中古英语的影响：1. 继法语之后，数量较大。2. 1382年，牛津大学神学教授约翰. 威克里夫把圣经由拉丁文译成英语，引用了1000多个拉丁词。3. 一些拉丁语经法语进入英语。4. 14、15世纪，大量拉丁语通过翻译涌入英语，在科学、文学、法学、神学、医学等领域广泛运用。,English Vocabulary,拉丁词对中古英语的影响：构词：Counter- ; dis-; trans- 等在现代英语中依然使用。Counterview 对质Disloyal不忠Disfigure变丑Recall回忆Transport运输Transform变
36、换,English Vocabulary Modern English Early Modern English 15001700 Late modern English 1700 Renaissance: Latin & Greek,工业革命以后：扩张与吸收Bourgeois Revolution (mid-seventeenth century)Industry Revolution British tentacle began stretching out to every corner of the globeEnglish absorbed words from all major
37、languages,English Vocabulary,中古英语与现代英语：Middle English: Pys manere was moche y-used tofore Pe furste moreyn, and ys sePthe somdel ychaunged.Modern English : This custom was much in use before the first plague 灾难(that is, the Black Death of 1349), and since then has somewhat changed.,English Vocabular
38、y,早期现代英语：Early modern English1500 1700 英语得到快速发展和普及中古英语后期，法语已降到了十分次要的地位。15、16世纪民族国家意识崛起，推动一个与的普及。社会中低阶层懂拉丁文的很少。,第一章： 词的概述,Supplementary:,早期现代英语文艺复兴The Renaissance 但丁 /佩特拉克/薄伽丘/达芬奇/米开朗基罗/拉斐尔,第一章： 词的概述,Supplementary:,早期现代英语文艺复兴The Renaissance Shakespeare/Thomas More / Spenser / Bacon,English Vocabulary
39、,早期现代英语拉丁语对早期现代英语的影响创造新词：Endsay conclusionForesays premisesSaywhat definition,English Vocabulary,早期现代英语拉丁语对早期现代英语的影响拉丁语被归化： consultare consult, cuppa cup exclusionem exclusion, portus port Systema system, Desperatus desperate, Complexus complex, Relaxus relax,English Vocabulary,早期现代英语 被吸收的拉丁语（借词）中，并
40、不一定都是拉丁语，有许多是希腊语词。这些希腊语词在进入英语之前先进入到拉丁语中，在形态方面已被拉丁语同化。,English Vocabulary,词缀（同义现象）English Latin GreekHalf semi- (semi-colonial) hemi-(hemisphere)Against counter-(counteract) anti- (anti-clockwise)One uni-(unicycle) mono-(mono-plane)Two bi- (bicycle) di- (dialogue)Mind mental ( mentalism ) psycho-( ps
41、ychology )Same syn-(synonymy) homo- ( homosexual )Many multi- (multinational) poly- (polygamy),English Vocabulary,早期现代英语英语/法语/拉丁语 英语同义词,English Vocabulary,后期现代英语18世纪：正字法在中古英语和早期现代英语时期，英语一直没有标准的拼写规则。如： 印本 手稿he heegrief greefsword swoordservant servaunt,English Vocabulary,后期现代英语The Great Vowel Shift 现
42、在仍然遗留了一些不规范的单词：Knight k / gh (不发音）Bristle t (不发音）Island s （不发音）Wrong w （不发音）,English Vocabulary,后期现代英语1755年Samuel Johnson 编纂的Dictionary of English Language 出版问世 对正字法起到了很好的作用。如：publick 修正为 public downhil 修正为 downhill,English Vocabulary,后期现代英语19-20世纪的正字法：19世纪英语经历了语言的成熟发展。其演进的速度较以前各个时期要延缓日益显示出国际语言地位。No
43、ah Webster (1758-1843)的改进:Labour laborTravelling traveling Metre meter被美国人接受。,1920 世纪英语词汇的扩充 Rouge (胭脂) chauffeur(司机) diva (歌剧中的女主角) Kangaroo(袋鼠) jungle (丛林) sushi (寿司) tsunami(海啸) By the end of 19th century From Chinese (27 words) Litchi li tea(荷兰语chaa) ginseng Ketchup (番茄酱) hong(行) kowtow（叩头）yamen
44、（衙门） Hotchpotch (杂烩) coolie （苦力）？,19-20 世纪短语动词增加,catch on = comprehendkeep on = continue (OF r. continuer)look into = investigateput off = postponeput up with = to tolerate (L. tolerare),English Vocabulary,后期现代英语19-20世纪新闻报纸对英语词汇的影响：Journalist words：Examples:To back a candidate（支持候选人）To boost our com
45、munity（促进我们社区的发展）To comb the woods for the criminals （在森林里仔细搜索罪犯） to spike a rumor（制止谣言）Moral bloodhound （卫道士）,English Vocabulary,后期现代英语19-20世纪新闻报纸对英语词汇的影响：Journalist words：Examples:Oil crunch （石油危机）Money-wise (金钱方面精明的）Yearlong (长达一年的）Knockout (击败）A dark horse (以外的获胜者）,English Vocabulary,后期现代英语现代英语的特点：构词：外来词： 大量吸收外来词，使英语具有混合性的词（mixed vocabulary)和不同层面的同义词。,English Vocabulary,后期现代英语现代英语的特点：同源词(doublets)：Time tideStudy studioEatable edible Catch chaseNo nayBase basisBite baitTwo twain,English Vocabulary,后期现代英语3. 介词的作用4. 名词作前置修饰语5. 词类转换,第一章： 词的概述,Thank You,
