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1、Translation of Contracts（重点）,8.1 Basic Concept of ContractAn agreement between two or more parties that is enforceable by law, a legally enforceable and legally binding agreement. Contract is a legally enforceable agreement.,99年中国合同法: Contracts referred to in this Law are agreements establishing, mo
2、difying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations. 合同英语属于庄重文体（frozen style），是各种英语文体中正式程度最高的一种。总体来说，这种正式性体现在内容的专业性、语言的严谨性和结构的完整性等方面。,A recent definition of contract is “the relations among
3、 parties to the process of projecting exchange into the future.”One of the merits of this definition is that it stresses that a contract establishes an interrelationship among the contracting parties that is broader than their promises and agreement.,8.2 The Structure of a Contract/Standardizing the
4、 Structure8.2.1 Preamble of a contract8.2.2 Main body of a contract8.2.3 Final clauses of a contract/witness clause,How to check the contracts?*Validity Clause of Contracts*Definition and Whereas*Assignment and Guaranty*Rescission and Termination*Default and Escape*Arbitration and Jurisdiction,8.2.1
5、 Preamble of a contract国际商务合同的前言部分，主要包括两个方面的内容：其一，说明合同签订的时间、地点以及合同双方的名称、营业地点、依某国某法成立和存在。 其二，“鉴于条款”（whereas clause），说明签订合同的背景情况以及签约的目的和原则。,Example: (1)THIS CONTRACT, made and entered into in (place of signature) on this _ day of _ , 20_, 本合同于20_年_月_日在（签约地点）by and between (name of the party), a corpor
6、ation duly organized and existing under the laws of (name of country) with its domicile at (address) (hereinafter referred to as Party A), 由按（国家名称）法律组建成立的，营业地点在（公司地址）的_公司（以下称作甲方）and (name of the party), a company incorporated and existing under the laws of (name of country) with its domicile at (add
7、ress) (hereinafter referred to as Party B)，和按（国家名称）法律注册成立的、营业地点在（公司地址）的_公司（以下简称乙方）共同签订.,Exe.本合同由中国ABC公司， 总公司设于中国上海（以下简称卖方）与美国XYZ公司， 总公司设于美国纽约州纽约市（以下简称买方）于1998年3月29日订立于中国上海，双方同意按下述条件买卖下列货物：This contract is made this 29th day of March, 1998 in Shanghai, China by and between ABC Corporation. China (her
8、einafter referred to as “Seller”), a Corporation having its principal office in Shanghai, China who agrees to sell,and XYZ Corporation (hereinafter referred to as “Buyer”), a Corporation having its principal office in New York, USA, who agrees to buy the following goods on the terms and conditions a
9、s below:,Exe.,本合同由AA公司（以下称买方）和BB有限公司（以下称卖方）于2007年8月8日签定。凭此，买方同意购买、卖方同意出售本货物，其条款如下:This Contract is made on August 8th,2007 by and between AA Corporation (hereinafter referred to as “the Buyer”) and BB Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “the Seller”) whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agree
10、s to sell the following goods on the terms and conditions as follows:,Preamble of a Contract,双方同意按下述条款买卖下列货物.Both parties agree to buy and sell the following goods on the terms and conditions as below.买方同意购买、卖方同意出售本货物，其条款如下.The Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the following goods on
11、 the terms and conditions as follows.,WITNESSETH THAT兹证明： WHEREAS Party A has been a leading trading company in the field of the said products and is willing to arrange the manufacture, assembly and marketing of the said products, and 鉴于_ WHEREAS both parties are desirous to establish a joint ventur
12、e company to manufacture, assemble and market the said products. 鉴于_ NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the premises and mutual covenants herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows: (NOW, therefore, the parties hereto agree as follows:) 故双方经协商一致同意如下：,8.2.2. Main body of a contract定义条款（De
13、finition clause)基本条款（Basic conditions)一般条款（General terms and conditions)合同有效期限 （Duration)终止 (Termination)不可抗力 （Force Majeure)合同的让与 （Assignment)仲裁 （Arbitration)适用法律 （governing law) 诉讼管辖 （Jurisdiction)通知手续 （Notice)合同的修改 （Amendment)其他 （Others),Example 2:Arbitration:All disputes arising from the perform
14、ance of this Contract should be settled through friendly negotiation.一切因执行本合同引起的争议，均应由双方友好协商解决。Should no settlement be reached through negotiation, the case shall be submitted for arbitration in the Country where the defendant resides.如协商不能解决，则应提交仲裁，仲裁应在被告所在国进行。,If the arbitration takes place in Chi
15、na, the case shall be submitted to the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade, Shanghai and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied.如仲裁在中国，应提交上海中国国际贸易促进委员会对外贸易仲裁委员会，按照其仲裁规则进行仲裁。If the arbitration takes place in the USA, th
16、e case shall be submitted to the Foreign Trade Arbitration Commission of Council for the Promotion of International Trade, N.Y. and the arbitration rules of this arbitration organization shall be applied.如仲裁在美国，应提交纽约国际贸易促进委员会对外贸易仲裁委员会，按照其仲裁规则进行仲裁。The award of the arbitration shall be final and bindi
17、ng upon both parties. The arbitration fee shall be born by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the arbitration organization.该仲裁委员会的裁决为终局性的，对双方均有约束力，仲裁费用，除非仲裁委员会另有裁定，即由败方承担。,Example 1:,Penalty：(1) Failure to Make Timely Delivery 未按期交货. In the event the Seller for its own sake fails to make d
18、elivery of all the goods on time as stipulated in this contract, the Seller shall pay a penalty to the Buyer. 如果卖方由于自身原因未能按合同规定按期交付全部货物，卖方应向买方支付违约金。(2) Failure to Timely Open the Letter of Credit 未按期开立信用证 In the event that the Buyer for its own sake fails to open the Letter of Credit on time as stip
19、ulated in this contract, the Buyer shall pay a penalty to the Seller. 如果买方由于自身原因未能按合同规定及时开立信用证，买方应支付卖方违约金。,Arbitration仲裁: 有关本合同买卖双方之间所引起的任何纠纷，争议,或歧见,可付诸仲裁. .Arbitration: Any disputes, controversies or differences which may arise between the parties in connection with this Contract may be referred to
20、 arbitration.,Arbitration 仲裁条款: (1) 凡因履行本合同所发生的或与本合同有关的任何争议,双方应通过友好协商解决.如果通过协商仍不能达成协议时,应提交仲裁解决. (2) 仲裁裁决是终局的,对双方均有约束力. (3)除非仲裁委员会另有裁定,仲裁费用由败诉方负担. Arbitration: (1) Any dispute arising from the execution or in connection with the Contract shall be settled through friendly negotiation. In case no settl
21、ement can be reached through negotiation, the dispute shall be submitted for arbitration (2) The arbitration award shall be final and binding upon both parties. (3) The arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the commission.,Example 3：Force MajeureNeither party
22、 shall be held responsible for failure or delay to perform all or any part of this Contract due to flood, fire, earthquake, snowstorm, hailstorm, hurricane, war, government prohibition or any other events that are unforeseeable at the time of the execution of this Contract and could not be controlle
23、d, avoided or overcome by such party.任何一方如果由于洪水、火灾、地震、雪暴、雹暴、龙卷风、战争、政策禁令或其他在合同签订时无法预见并不能控制、不可避免或无法克服的事件致使不能或迟延履行合同的全部或一部分时，该方不承担责任。,However, the party whose performance is affected by the event of Force Majeure shall give a notice to the other party of its occurrence as soon as possible and a certifi
24、cate or a document of the occurrence of the Force Majeure event issued by the relative authority or a neutral independent third party shall be sent to the other party by airmail not later than 15 days after its occurrence.但是，受不可抗力影响的一方应立即通知另一方，并不晚于事件发生后15天向另一方航空邮寄有关当局或独立的中立第三方出具的发生此种事件的证明书或文件。,Force
25、 Majeure,如果不可抗力事件持续120天以上,任何一方有权终止合同. In the event that Force Majeure lasts over 120 days, both parties shall have the right to terminate the contract.,Force Majeure,因不可抗力致使卖方不能或推迟交货时,卖方不负责任.In case of Force Majeure, the seller shall not be held responsible for late delivery or non-delivery of the g
26、oods.由于战争,水灾,火灾,台风,地震或其他不可抗力原因,致使卖方不能在合同规定期限内交货或不能交货, 卖方不负责任.In case of Force Majeure such as war, fire, flood, typhoon and earthquake or other events of Force Majeure , the seller shall not be held responsible for delay in delivery or non-delivery of the goods.,Example4. Claims: Except those claims
27、 for which a third party is liable, should the quality, specifications, quantity, weight, packing and requirements for safety or sanitation/hygiene of the goods be found not in conformity with the stipulations to this contract, the Buyer shall give a written notice of claims to the Seller and shall
28、have the right to lodge claims against the Seller based on the Inspection Certificate issued by the Inspection Organization provided in Clauses 14.2 to this Contract within 21 days from the date of completion of unloading of the goods at the port of unloading. In the event of nonconformity, the Sell
29、er shall promptly repair or replace such goods or supply the quantity that is deficient.,除了第三方应负责任的索赔，如发现货物的质量、规格、数量、重量、包装及涉及安全或卫生/保健等方面和合同的规定不一致，买方应对卖方发出书面通知并有权根据第14条第2款中所述的有关检验当局出据的检验证书对卖方提出索赔。索赔应在卸货港卸货完成后21天内提出。如发生不一致，卖方应立即修理或更换这些货物或补充数量。,In the event that the Buyer does not make such claim withi
30、n the above-mentioned time-limit, the Buyer shall forfeit its right to make a claim with respect to the quantity deficiency or the apparent quality defect. 如果买方未在上述期限内提出索赔，则买方将视为放弃对货物数量不足或明显的质量瑕疵索赔的权利。,Example 5. Termination: 合同的解除 Except as provided elsewhere, this Contract may be terminated in eit
31、her of the following cases: 除非另有约定，该合同将在下述情况下解除：1) Through mutual written agreement by both parties; 双方共同达成书面协议；,2) If the other party fails to perform its obligations within the time-limit agreed upon in this Contract, and fails to eliminate or remedy such breach within 7 days following the receipt
32、 of the notice thereof from the non-breaching party. 如果另一方未能在合同约定的时间内履行其义务，并且在收到未违约方通知后起七天内未能消除违约或采取补救措施,In such case the non-breaching party shall give a written notice to the other party to terminate this Contract.在此情况下，未违约方应书面通知违约方解除合同。,8.2.3 Final clauses of a contract/witness clause结尾条款主要应明确的内容
33、有：合同使用的文字及其效力 (Languages in which the contract is to be written and its validity)。有时还应订立对合同进行修改或补充的内容，并明确在合同结尾规定附件为本合同不可分割的组成部分。(3) 在合同结尾部分还应明确规定：合同在双方授权代表签字后正式生效。,Example 11.This Contract is made out in two originals, each copy written in Chinese and English languages, both texts being equally vali
34、d. In case of any divergence of interpretation, the Chinese text shall prevail. 本合同正文一式两份，分别以中文和英文书写，两种文本具有同等效力。若对其解释产生异议，则(将)以中文本为准。2. Any amendment and/or supplement to this contract shall be valid only after the authorized representatives of both parties have signed written documents (s), forming
35、 integral part(s) of this Contract.本合同的任何修改和补充，只有在双方授权的代表在书面文件上签字后才能生效，并成为本合同不可分割的组成部分。3.This Contract shall come into force after the signatures by the authorized representatives of both parties.本合同将在双方授权代表签字后正式生效。,Example 2,本合同的签署需在见证人出席下经双方签字.自买卖双方签署之日起生效。 本合同用中文和英文两种文字写成,一式两份, 双方各执一份.如中文本与英文本出现差
36、异,以英文本为准. This Contract shall be signed by the Buyer and the Seller in the presence of witness and be effected commencing from the date of signing. This contract shall be made in duplicate, both in English and Chinese and Each Party shall keep one copy. In case of any discrepancies between the Chine
37、se and the English copy, the English copy shall govern.,Example 3. 本合同用中英文两种文字写成,两种文字具有同等效力,自双方代表签(盖章)之日起生效. 买方代表 (签字): _ 卖方代表 (签字): _This Contract shall be written in Chinese and English. Both versions are equally authentic. This Contract shall come into effect since being signed / sealed by both p
38、arties. Representative of the Buyer (Signature) : _ Representative of the Seller (Signature) : _,本合同用中文和英文两种文字写成,一式两份, 双方各执一份中文正本和一份英文正本. 两种文本具有同等效力.本合同自双方授权代表签字之日起生效。 This contract is made out in duplicate in Chinese and English language, one Chinese original copy and one English original copy for
39、each Party, both texts being equally authentic. This contract shall come into force from the date it is signed by the authorized representatives of both parties. This Contract shall be written in Chinese and English in duplicate. Both versions are equally authentic. This Contract shall come into eff
40、ect since being signed by the authorized representatives of both parties.,本合同经双方签字生效,有效期两年.The contract shall come into effect as soon as it is duly signed by both parties and shall remain effective for two years.,in witness whereof / thereof “兹证明” 一般合同结尾, 有时大写IN WITNESS WHEREOF / THEREOF, 表示所签合同事项的证据.,IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Contract in duplicate by their authorized representatives.WITNESS: _ WITNESS:_Party A:_ Party B:_兹证明: 本合同由双方授权代表签定,一式两份.见证人:_ 见证人:_甲方:_ 乙方:_,
